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DIFFERENCE CAN MEAN MANY THINGS--INEQUALITY, THE NON-SAME OR CHANGE. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES ALL THESE INTERPRETATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF RECENT DEBATES AROUND DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRAXIS. IN PARTICULAR IF FOCUSES ON THE WAYS IN WHICH POST-STRUCTURALIST IDEAS HAVE CHALLENGED THOSE OF VARIOUS MARXISMS AND HOW POLITICAL ACTIVISM MAY CHANGE AS A RESULT. THE AUTHOR HAS TAKEN TEN BOOKS PUBLISHED IN THE LAST TWO YEARS AND DRAWN OUT THEMES WHICH RUN THROUGH THEM. IN MANY, THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AS DISCOURSE IS OPENED UP AND VARIOUS DISCOURSES ARE, TO USE THE CONTEMPORARY PARLANCE, DECONSTRUCTED TO REVEAL THE POWER RELATIONS UNDERLYING THEM. IN DOING THIS ONE SEES DEVELOPMEN AS EUROCENTRIC, PATRIARCHAL AND DISCIPLINING. THIS ALSO BRINGS THE ANALYTICAL FOCUS ONTO HUMAN AGENCY AND THE CONSTRUCTION AND DEPLOYMENT OF IDENTITIES WHICH HAS THE POTENTIAL TO MOVE ONE WELL AWAY FORM MATERIALIST ACCOUNTS OF POLITICAL ACTION. THE POST-COLONIAL LITERATURE IS EXAMINED BRIEFLY AS IT FOCUSES ON SUCH COMPLEX ISSUES OF IDENTITY. AFTER DESTABILIZING THIS KNOWLEDGE-ACTION AXIS HE LOOKS AT HOW THE VARIOUS AUTHORS CONCEIVE OF FUTURE CHANGE. FOR SOME THE ANSWER LIES IN CIVIL SOCIETY WHERE THESE IDENTITIES AND RESISTANCES FORM THE BASIS FOR "POST-DEVELOPMENTAL" CHANGE. OTHERS SEE A NEED TO ENGAGE WITH THE EXISTING INSTITUTIONS, ESPECIALLY THE STATE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LENDERS, AND WORK BOTH WITHIN AND AGAINST THEM. HE CONCLUDES WITH SOME PROBLEMATICS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE WHICH CENTER OPY: 1997

Metadata only record ; In response to (and in sympathy with) many of the critical points that have been lodged against participatory approaches to development and governance within international development, this article seeks to relocate participation within a radical politics of development. We argue that participation needs to be theoretically and strategically informed by a radical notion of 'citizenship', and be located within the critical modernist approach to development. Using empirical evidence drawn from a range of contemporary approaches to participation, the article shows that participatory approaches are most likely to succeed: (i) where they are pursued as part of a wider radical political project; (ii) where they are aimed specifically at securing citizenship rights and participation for marginal and subordinate groups; and (iii) when they seek to engage with development as an underlying process of social change rather than in the form of discrete technocratic interventions although we do not use these findings to argue against using participatory methods where these conditions are not met. Finally, we consider the implications of this relocation for participation in both theoretical and strategic terms.

Metadata only record ; This paper looks at the relevance and contributions of social capital analysis to human geography and vise versa. The authors start by defining social capital and clarifying and distinguishing concepts, and critiques of Putnam's work. Social capital is simultaneously an economic, sociological, political, and geographical concept, but it must be distinguished from human capital, cultural capital, and networks. Social capital can be relevant to human geographers because of the focus on the relationship between locality and the 'emergent casual power'. Social capital in not reproduced nor is it fixed to a place (it is the interaction between agency and structure). The geography of social capital exists in the: 1) Compositional effects produce spatial variations. 2) Participation varies with location. 3) Voluntary sector develops unevenly. 4) Institutional structures can influence formation of social capital which can affect levels of participation. 5) Uneven development are likely to have an impact on the quality of social relationships and, therefore, on levels of social capital. The challenge now rests in developing spatially disaggregated indicators of social capital. Obtaining disaggregated data on dimensions of social capital is difficult whether one measures participation or trust. Still, social capital is used in explaining economic growth and uneven development. It might be relevant to explain intrastate patterns of uneven development, in understanding effectiveness of government institutions, and health inequalities. Change have moved towards multiple stakeholders approaches involving partnerships between state, private capital and civil society, this so called the "third way" has have placed the focus on social networks and social capital, but the paper cautions us of the dangers of uncritical application of concepts.

The Population explosion has led to excessive consumption and exploitation of natural resources resulting in degradation of the biophysical environment. Many agitations have gained momentum in various parts of the world to protect it from environmental degradation. Many governments have banned the usage of plastics in their endeavor to protect the environment. This descriptive research has attempted to study the greenish pattern of 320 Indian consumers with special reference to their plastic bag usage behavior while carrying their purchases back home. The Results of the study have revealed that customers accord importance to the environmental impact of goods and services before purchasing such goods and they prefer to visit shops that are eco-friendly while they do not attach much importance to the environmental reputation of companies dealing with such goods and services. They prefer green products due to their good quality and reliability and are willing to pay a premium price for such products.