Suchergebnisse

ABSTRAK Ketidakseimbangan perkhidmatan bas awam di Kota Kinabalu menyebabkan pengguna melihat kepada alternatif lain iaitu pengangkutan tidak formal. Kawasan yang tidak menerima perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam telah mendorong kewujudan perkhidmatan informal iaitu bas tanpa permit yang dikenali sebagai van sapu atau "pirate". Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti ciri-ciri pengoperasian mod pengangkutan bas tanpa permit yang terdapat di Kota Kinabalu dan menjelaskan beberapa faktor pengendalian mod sebagai pengangkutan tidak formal. Sumber primer melalui tinjauan soal selidik dan temubual separa berstruktur melibatkan pemandu perkhidmatan bas tanpa permit diaplikasikan dalam penyelidikan ini. Temubual berstruktur juga dijalankan bersama pihak LPKP Sabah bagi memantapkan penemuan kajian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan pengoperasian mod bas tanpa permit yang terdapat di Kota Kinabalu juga mempunyai ciri khusus meliputi beberapa aspek iaitu masa bekerja, pekhidmatan, keselamatan, jenis kenderaan yang digunakan, kadar tambang, laluan pengoperasian dan organisasi pengoperasian mod. Penemuan kajian juga mendapati kesukaran dalam memenuhi polisi yang ditetapkan oleh pihak kerajaan untuk berkhidmat sebagai pengangkutan awam khususnya berkaitan permohonan kelulusan permit, telah mendorong keputusan para pemandu untuk menjalankan operasi bas tanpa memiliki permit. Faktor lain iaitu faktor sosioekonomi, faktor kewarganegaraan dan faktor keselesaan juga mempengaruhi pengendalian mod sebagai pengangkutan tidak formal. Dapatan kajian ini membantu pihak berkuasa untuk meningkatkan lagi perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam sedia ada tanpa mengabaikan perkhidmatan tidak formal yang turut memainkan peranan penting dari segi mobiliti penduduk.

ABSTRACT The imbalance of public bus services in Kota Kinabalu has caused consumers to look at other alternatives such as informal transport. Areas that do not receive public transport services have led to the existence of informal services namely buses without permits known as "van sapu" or "pirate". This article aims to identify the characteristic of no-permit bus operation in Kota Kinabalu and to explain some of the factors of the operating a mode of transportation as informal transport. Primary sources through a survey by distributing questionnaires and interviews with the no-permit bus drivers were applied in this research. Structured interviews were also conducted with the LPKP Sabah to enhance the findings of the research. The results show that the operation of unauthorized transportation modes that available in Kota Kinabalu also has specific features including working hours, services, safety, types of vehicles used, fare rates, operating routes and mode of operating organization. The findings of the study also found that the difficulty in complying with the policy set by the government to serve as a public transport especially about permit applications has prompted drivers to decide whether to conduct bus operations without a permit. Other factors such as socioeconomic factors, citizenship and convenience factors also influence the mode of operation as informal transportation. The findings of this research help the authorities to enhance the existing public transport services without ignoring the informal services which also play an important role in terms of mobility of the population.

ABSTRAK Ketidakseimbangan perkhidmatan bas awam di Kota Kinabalu menyebabkan pengguna melihat kepada alternatif lain iaitu pengangkutan tidak formal. Kawasan yang tidak menerima perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam telah mendorong kewujudan perkhidmatan informal iaitu bas tanpa permit yang dikenali sebagai van sapu atau "pirate". Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti ciri-ciri pengoperasian mod pengangkutan bas tanpa permit yang terdapat di Kota Kinabalu dan menjelaskan beberapa faktor pengendalian mod sebagai pengangkutan tidak formal. Sumber primer melalui tinjauan soal selidik dan temubual separa berstruktur melibatkan pemandu perkhidmatan bas tanpa permit diaplikasikan dalam penyelidikan ini. Temubual berstruktur juga dijalankan bersama pihak LPKP Sabah bagi memantapkan penemuan kajian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan pengoperasian mod bas tanpa permit yang terdapat di Kota Kinabalu juga mempunyai ciri khusus meliputi beberapa aspek iaitu masa bekerja, pekhidmatan, keselamatan, jenis kenderaan yang digunakan, kadar tambang, laluan pengoperasian dan organisasi pengoperasian mod. Penemuan kajian juga mendapati kesukaran dalam memenuhi polisi yang ditetapkan oleh pihak kerajaan untuk berkhidmat sebagai pengangkutan awam khususnya berkaitan permohonan kelulusan permit, telah mendorong keputusan para pemandu untuk menjalankan operasi bas tanpa memiliki permit. Faktor lain iaitu faktor sosioekonomi, faktor kewarganegaraan dan faktor keselesaan juga mempengaruhi pengendalian mod sebagai pengangkutan tidak formal. Dapatan kajian ini membantu pihak berkuasa untuk meningkatkan lagi perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam sedia ada tanpa mengabaikan perkhidmatan tidak formal yang turut memainkan peranan penting dari segi mobiliti penduduk. ABSTRACT The imbalance of public bus services in Kota Kinabalu has caused consumers to look at other alternatives such as informal transport. Areas that do not receive public transport services have led to the existence of informal services namely buses without permits known as "van sapu" or "pirate". This article aims to identify the characteristic of no-permit bus operation in Kota Kinabalu and to explain some of the factors of the operating a mode of transportation as informal transport. Primary sources through a survey by distributing questionnaires and interviews with the no-permit bus drivers were applied in this research. Structured interviews were also conducted with the LPKP Sabah to enhance the findings of the research. The results show that the operation of unauthorized transportation modes that available in Kota Kinabalu also has specific features including working hours, services, safety, types of vehicles used, fare rates, operating routes and mode of operating organization. The findings of the study also found that the difficulty in complying with the policy set by the government to serve as a public transport especially about permit applications has prompted drivers to decide whether to conduct bus operations without a permit. Other factors such as socioeconomic factors, citizenship and convenience factors also influence the mode of operation as informal transportation. The findings of this research help the authorities to enhance the existing public transport services without ignoring the informal services which also play an important role in terms of mobility of the population.

This paper identifies components of satisfaction of public bus service in Kota Kinabalu City, Malaysia. Factor analysis is used to analyse a total of 24 parameters satisfactions of public buses. This study succeeded in developing three dimensions of public bus service attributes a satisfaction namely comfort, accessibility and safety and found that there is a slight difference in satisfaction between the minibus and bus transit, but users agreed that overcrowded and felt unsafe during the night were among the most significant attributes that affect their satisfaction. Transportation authorities can use these findings as a guide to enhance the quality of life of public transport users in the future.

Dalam dunia modenisasi dan globalisasi, kemudahsampaian memainkan peranan penting dalam aktiviti sosial harian. Pengangkutan awam turut memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pergerakan masyarakat dari satu destinasi ke satu destinasi yang lain. Namun, konsep kemudahsampaian mempunyai maksud yang pelbagai mengikut pernyataan-pernyataan yang diungkapkan oleh sarjana-sarjana lepas berdasarkan kedudukan geografi di sesuatu ruang. Oleh itu, objektif makalah ini adalah untuk melihat konsep kemudahsampaian secara umum yang melihat ke dalam perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam secara khusus. Kajian ini menggunakan sumber sekunder untuk menerangkan konsep kemudahsampaian secara umum yang khusus dalam perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam. Antara sumber sekunder digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah seperti artikel jurnal, buku, tesis, dan laporan. Maka, analisis kandungan diimplementasikan dalam kajian ini adalah untuk merungkaikan konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam secara mendalam. Hasil kajian ini mendapati konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam dipengaruhi oleh beberapa aspek-aspek seperti sosial, ekonomi dan politik. Implikasi kajian ini boleh dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu; implikasi kepada ilmu pengetahuan dan implikasi dari sudut praktikal untuk membantu perancang polisi dan pembuat keputusan memahami konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam dengan lebih mendalam supaya polisi pengangkutan awam dapat dirangka dengan mengambil kira indikator kemudahsampaian pada masa hadapan.

In the world of modernization and globalization, accessibility plays an important role in daily social activities. Public transportation also plays an important role in the movement of people from one place to another. However, the concept of accessibility has different meanings based on statements made by previous scholars based on the geographical position of a particular space. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to look at the concept of accessibility in general and the mode of public transportation services is to be looked into in particular. This study uses secondary sources to explain the concept of accessibility in general and the mode of public transportation services specifically. Among the secondary sources used in this study are journal articles, books, theses, and reports. Therefore, content analysis was implemented in this study to unravel the concept of public transportation accessibility in depth. The results of this study found that the concept of public transportation accessibility is influenced by several aspects such as social, economy and politic. The implications of this study can be divided into two parts namely; the implications of body of knowledge and the implication on the view of practical points in order to contribute help to policy planners and decision makers to better understand the concept of public transportation accessibility so that the future formulation of policies could be enacted with taking the indicator of public transportation accessibility into account.

Dalam dunia modenisasi dan globalisasi, kemudahsampaian memainkan peranan penting dalam aktiviti sosial harian. Pengangkutan awam turut memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pergerakan masyarakat dari satu destinasi ke satu destinasi yang lain. Namun, konsep kemudahsampaian mempunyai maksud yang pelbagai mengikut pernyataan-pernyataan yang diungkapkan oleh sarjana-sarjana lepas berdasarkan kedudukan geografi di sesuatu ruang. Oleh itu, objektif makalah ini adalah untuk melihat konsep kemudahsampaian secara umum yang melihat ke dalam perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam secara khusus. Kajian ini menggunakan sumber sekunder untuk menerangkan konsep kemudahsampaian secara umum yang khusus dalam perkhidmatan pengangkutan awam. Antara sumber sekunder digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah seperti artikel jurnal, buku, tesis, dan laporan. Maka, analisis kandungan diimplementasikan dalam kajian ini adalah untuk merungkaikan konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam secara mendalam. Hasil kajian ini mendapati konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam dipengaruhi oleh beberapa aspek-aspek seperti sosial, ekonomi dan politik. Implikasi kajian ini boleh dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu; implikasi kepada ilmu pengetahuan dan implikasi dari sudut praktikal untuk membantu perancang polisi dan pembuat keputusan memahami konsep kemudahsampaian pengangkutan awam dengan lebih mendalam supaya polisi pengangkutan awam dapat dirangka dengan mengambil kira indikator kemudahsampaian pada masa hadapan. In the world of modernization and globalization, accessibility plays an important role in daily social activities. Public transportation also plays an important role in the movement of people from one place to another. However, the concept of accessibility has different meanings based on statements made by previous scholars based on the geographical position of a particular space. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to look at the concept of accessibility in general and the mode of public transportation services is to be looked into in particular. This study uses secondary sources to explain the concept of accessibility in general and the mode of public transportation services specifically. Among the secondary sources used in this study are journal articles, books, theses, and reports. Therefore, content analysis was implemented in this study to unravel the concept of public transportation accessibility in depth. The results of this study found that the concept of public transportation accessibility is influenced by several aspects such as social, economy and politic. The implications of this study can be divided into two parts namely; the implications of body of knowledge and the implication on the view of practical points in order to contribute help to policy planners and decision makers to better understand the concept of public transportation accessibility so that the future formulation of policies could be enacted with taking the indicator of public transportation accessibility into account.

This study revealed the constraints and motivations to using sustainable transportation for daily trips. A total of 384 respondents was selected for this survey, represented the 36 sections of Shah Alam. The reasons provided as barriers to cycling and walking are hot weather, surrounding safety factor, unsatisfactory cycling tracks and poor condition of pedestrian lanes. Among the reasons respondents are not motivated to use public transport are inefficient services and expensive fares. However, the majority stated that the increase in petrol prices and tolls would be key factors to reduce car use and more provision of public transport would encourage them to use public transport.

This study examined the socioeconomic influence on the use of public transportation. A survey involving 987 respondents was conducted within the Kota Kinabalu city centre area. Research data was analyzed using descriptive that generated frequencies and percentages and also Chi-square tests to assess statistical relationships between two categorical variables. The results revealed that income and vehicle ownership are critical factors affecting the use of public transport. Other variables include age, employment, employment sector, marital status and a working spouse. These variables significantly affect the usage frequency of public transport by respondents. However, there are no significant statistics defining gender use of public transport. Socioeconomic variables can be utilized as a guide for relevant authorities to formulate strategies aimed at enhancing the efficiency of public transportation shortly.

Traditional food represents the cultural identity that becomes an income source for Small and Mid-size enterprises (SMEs) entrepreneurs in Sabah. The sudden presence of COVID-19 since March 2020 has impacted traditional food entrepreneurs. This research examines the readiness of entrepreneurs to innovate their businesses through a new norm. Factor Analysis is used to analyse 21 parameters of a new norm for the traditional food business. This study developed three dimensions: enhancing existing business, new norm business and improving business skills. Entrepreneurs need to prepare strategies to meet new business norms. Support from the government and agencies is required to enhance SME entrepreneurs' business capabilities.

Food can be used as markers for the identity of an individual or society regardless of the geographical, social and political differences separating the populations on one nation. It is a contested medium that establishes national boundaries and identities. The study aims to examine national food heritage awareness in the Klang Valley area based on age. The study involved 676 respondents using a self-completed questionnaire survey. Purposive sampling is being used in selecting the sample based on age, which required respondents to be 30 years old or older and have knowledge of heritage food. Statistic analysis such as frequency and cross-tabulation on age category (30-35 and >36 years old). Results revealed that there is only one common definition agreed by both age category (p>0.05) which is the traditional food are considered as food heritage. Both age using electronic media to gather information regarding on gazette National Food Heritage (p>0.05). However, on the knowledge on the authority responsible on gazette National Food Heritage respondent with adult age ( > 36 years old ) are more knowledgeable than younger adult (30-35 years old) (p36 years old) than young adult (30-35 years old). Respondent chooses the main criteria 'traditional value' which showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the age. There is a different understanding between young adult and adult on food heritage which authority need to highlight and create awareness in the national food heritage, especially in developing better promotion based on age groups. Keywords: Awareness; Food Heritage; Age; Demographic. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. Adilah Md Ramli, Dg Khairunisa Ahmad Sapawi, Harifah Mohd Noor, & Mohd Salehuddin Mohd Zahari. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

This paper identifies components of satisfaction of public bus service in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Factor analysis is used to analyze 24 parameters satisfactions of public buses. This study succeeded in developing three dimensions of public bus service attributes, namely comfort, accessibility and safety and found that there is a slight difference in satisfaction between the minibus and bus transit, but users agreed that overcrowded and felt unsafe during the night were among the most significant attributes that affect their satisfaction. Transportation authorities can use these findings to enhance the quality of life of public transport users in the future.

The tourism industry worldwide has decreased because of restrictions on the entry of tourists due to the pandemic of Covid19. This study explores the challenges SMEs face through this pandemic through literature studies. The systematic literature review (SLR) method was used to examine and analyses all extant research articles published in Google Scholar from 2017 to 2021. Articles analysed by the keywords: SMEs, Challenge, and Tourism. Based on the findings, the challenges faced by SMEs can be categorised into internal and external factors that may influence SMEs, especially in the tourism industry, which includes the food industry.

The existence of small-scale food enterprises helps a lot in increasing the country's income, as well as providing many employment opportunities to the community. This study was to examine how small-scale food entrepreneurs strive to survive in the enterprise when faced with the effects of COVID-19. Factor analysis was used to form the resilience factor and descriptive analysis was used to look demography, resilience practices, and to analyze the assistance in improving entrepreneurial resilience. This study has developed resilience factors and improved resilience. The government needs to be vigilant in providing the assistance needed by entrepreneurs to rehabilitate businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: SMEs, New Norms, Resilience eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3442

The Ageing Population is a phenomenon that arises in global countries due to modernization and globalization. The elderly will be marginalized when travelling less due to the inaccessibility to the essential need later in life. This research examines the accessibility factor related to the travel pattern of the elderly. Factor Analysis is used to analyze 29 parameters of the element implemented accessibility towards their living requirements. This study developed four main factors: personal, land use, transportation facilities, and temporal. The research *ndings can assist the government and various agencies in implementing policies and strategies to ful*l the mobility needs of the elderly. Keywords: Accessibility; the elderly; land use; mobility eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3444

Traditional food represents the cultural identity that becomes income sources for Small and Mid-size enterprises (SMEs) entrepreneurs in Sabah. The sudden presence of the COVID-19 since March 2020 has impacted traditional food entrepreneurs. This research examines what strategies SMEs entrepreneurs are implementing. Factor Analysis is used to analyse 21 parameters of a new norm for the traditional food business. This study succeeded in developing three dimensions: enhancing existing business, new norm business and improving business skills. Entrepreneurs need to prepare strategies to meet new business norms. Support from the government and various agencies is required to enhance SME entrepreneurs' business capabilities. Key Words; Traditional Food, SMEs, Covid-19, New norms eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i16.2667