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This paper tests a model of cross-national variation in participation, using survey data from Spain, Brazil, & Korea. We posit a continuum ranging from neighborhood ties through membership in voluntary associations to political spheres. Our model highlights three factors -- labor market participation, gender, & religiosity -- as determinants of cross-national differences in civic engagement. The impact of employment & gender is consistent with previous studies of their role in conditioning participation. By contrast, the religious factor contradicts conventional notions regarding its downward effects on participation. The negative effect of religiosity in Spain & its positive effect in Korea & Brazil are a function of distinctive histories of church -- state relations, & in particular, of different strategies of church-sponsored mobilization during the course of democratization. 2 Tables, 3 Figures, 1 Appendix, 190 References. Adapted from the source document.