Suchergebnisse

Purpose This paper aims to describe and discuss the role of the police in anti-money laundering, with particular reference to the situation in the Republic of Macedonia. Design/methodology/approach A doctrinal approach is used to describe the role of the police in anti-money laundering policy, as well as to discuss whether the police is the central and main body in the fight against this crime. Deductive and inductive methods are used to analyze the collected data about Macedonian activities, provided by domestic and international organizations and institutions. Government agencies, institutions and bodies with different capacities for identifying and combating money laundering are included. Findings According to global statistics, about $2tn is laundered annually. Money laundering directly affects general economic and social life and the entire development, which shows why the concerns about this phenomenon have been growing worldwide. The most important issue in combating money laundering refers to preventing and detecting the problem. The police have the central role in combating money laundering in the Republic of Macedonia, but they must co-operate with public prosecutors and other agencies to fight this crime with more success. Even though Macedonian legislation is harmonized with European Union (EU) directives, there are a lot of activities in the field of money laundering to be done to fulfill EU standards. Relevant collected data were acquired from MONEYVAL reports, annual reports from the Ministry of Interior, Public Bureau of Statistics and statistics from the public prosecutor's office, including all published documents. Originality/value The paper answers questions related to the role and effectiveness of the police by examining different authorizations and powers. Different approaches in implementing the law are specified and suggestions to overcome "two voices" are given. A comparative approach is also used to demonstrate the number of criminal charges per year, mainly collected by the public prosecutor's office. The authors analyze whether additional training is needed for the police. All institutions should collaborate with the police because money laundering offences may be disclosed during investigations of other offences.

Abstract: The contemporary refugee crisis brought numerous challenges and raised many questions about the capacity and the ability of Macedonian security system. Two aspects of dealing with this crisis are especially significant: first - to minimize the challenges of the large number of refugees, while respecting the accepted world standards for protection, and second - to protect Macedonia's borders and interests. The first "wave" of the worst refugee crises in modern society fared relatively well and the security forces of the Republic of Macedonia demonstrated a high level of response capability. Along with the political decisions that aimed to prevent endangering the security of the state and citizens, in terms of introducing a state of emergency and the involvement of several bodies and institutions, were mitigated the consequences that could arise for the system as a whole, but also for the security of citizens in general. However, monitoring of the current security and political situation in the Middle East, especially in the countries from whence came the largest number of refugees before, leads to the conclusion that it is possible to recurrence the situation from 2015 and 2016. Therefore it is very important to monitor the condition of multiple levels, to propose measures and activities aimed at timely and quality response to future challenges related to any new security threats. The paper aims to analyze the recent papers in this area, and to offer new horizons to the possible movements of refugees, their origin, objectives and interests and so on. The authors will analyze the statistics on refugee movement, and measures undertaken by the security forces. It could appear as a good basis for planning the future activities.

The contemporary refugee crisis brought numerous challenges and raised many questions about the capacity and the ability of Macedonian security system. Two aspects of dealing with this crisis are especially significant: first – to minimize the challenges of the large number of refugees, while respecting the accepted world standards for protection, and second – to protect Macedonia's borders and interests. The first "wave" of the worst refugee crises in modern society fared relatively well and the security forces of the Republic of Macedonia demonstrated a high level of response capability. Along with the political decisions that aimed to prevent endangering the security of the state and citizens, in terms of introducing a state of emergency and the involvement of several bodies and institutions, were mitigated the consequences that could arise for the system as a whole, but also for the security of citizens in general. However, monitoring of the current security and political situation in the Middle East, especially in the countries from whence came the largest number of refugees before, leads to the conclusion that it is possible to recurrence the situation from 2015 and 2016. Therefore it is very important to monitor the condition of multiple levels, to propose measures and activities aimed at timely and quality response to future challenges related to any new security threats. The paper aims to analyze the recent papers in this area, and to offer new horizons to the possible movements of refugees, their origin, objectives and interests and so on. The authors will analyze the statistics on refugee movement, and measures undertaken by the security forces. It could appear as a good basis for planning the future activities. Key words: refugee, crisis, security forces.

Ethics occupies a special place and value in sciences. It has a strong impact on research, as well as on project management and governance in higher education institutions. Studying the issues of ethics and ethical behaviour is a top priority of each higher education institution which deals with the education of police and other security institutions. The significance of ethics in a democratic society with modern policing is of importance for the development of the police profession and respect of human rights and freedoms.This paper aims to present the views and opinions of students regarding the ethics not only in education but also in the police profession. A group of 80 students were included in the survey, who answered to 13 questions regarding ethics in the police studies and in the police profession. A group of questions are related to the students' opinion on citizen's views.The results of the survey will offer appropriate conclusions to improve the curriculum on police ethics, simultaneously acknowledging the views of students and their needs for additional training or education in the field of ethics. This approach will give a more comprehensive view of ethics and will become a driving force of the change of attitudes among the police officers.

The topic of crime and its control has been continually present on the social, political and research arena and has been also a subject to a number of debates and scientific researches. As the crime and the fear from the crime change on local, regional and on global level, simultaneously the social reactions and the forms of crime control also change. Their study, especially in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, shows more changes in the reforms of the criminal justice system, which are in line with alternations occurring not only with the state of crime, but also in social, economic, political and security circumstances in other societies. In the context of the 70's, the crime control was influenced by the so-called Penal coercionist, rehabilitation of offenders and the development of the state of welfare due to the failure of the state to deliver the anticipated justice. Thus two paradigms were developed: first, that nothing helps and the second - justice has been threatened. In that period, influenced by the structural social processes, (we think here of globalization, unequal distribution of wealth at all levels in the world, migratory movements, terrorism and cyclical recessions of capitalism that actually generate crime,) there are conflicts between the objectives of penalties (prevention, deterrence, rehabilitation and second, the realization of justice), the rights of offenders and the public interest, the legal principles, the functions of the police and the objectives of post-penal and social work. These processes produce not only changes in the condition of the crime, or its increase and change, but also represent changes in the social policy as well as in the criminal justice system. As a result, in the period of late modernism, the problem of crime control is mainly associated with the security of the society as well as the increased risks to the feeling of insecurity that caused the increased repressive policies by the criminal justice system. At the same time the policies of risk management and the application of new technologies are implemented. They are part of the situational approach in the crime control. Basically, the new technologies for monitoring and detection of offenders place the citizens as a potential object of observation. In this context, the police is less concerned with the Crime Prevention which relies more on new information and telecommunications as well as on other means of technology. This technological development is necessary, but at the same time it shifts away the police from citizens and their security needs, resulting in its reticence towards the public as well as implementation of repressive methods. Relying on the Law enforcement model or on what is now called the establishment of law and order, the police is being militarized growing into a serious threat both to the citizens and to the development of democratic processes. The police has thus transformed itself into the main force in the hands of the powerful for the retention of status quo. Therefore, such a social control of crime cannot adequately respond to its challenges and there is a discrepancy between the punishment, which remains the prerogative of the State as part of the traditional criminal justice and the crime control that follows the state justice.

With the scientific contribution that will be made, and in a debate, the Ohrid 2015 conference will answer the questions that are of interest to the scientific and social public. One of those questions addresses the issue of defining security science as a concept, which is related to the concept of security. For this concept different language systems use different terms. Also, one of the principal problems is the naming of the science which deals with researching security. Namely, security is a phenomenon which is the subject of research of philosophy and science, but it is also the subject of interest of other forms of knowledge as well, such as religious, common-sense and artistic ones. But it also denotes a state, activity and certain social creations which, one way or the other, fill human life or are in the function of meeting human needs. It deals with searching for the answer related to the nature of the destructions, the risks and prerequisites for setting up the conditions and the environment for the creation and improvement of human life, and also with the values: a) whether these values are threatened, to what extent, what from and why; b) how to improve and promote the values and eliminate their threat, who from, with what measures and against whom? Topics  Approaches and methods in researching security  Contemporary security – problem of the state or the society  Security as a public good and its transformation in the spirit of the new generation of security risks and threats  Classification of security – types of security  The concept of security system reform  Security neutrality versus European and Atlantic integration  The concept of securitization  Place and role of intelligence and counterintelligence services  Expanded approach to security  Parliamentary control over the security system  Security law  Corporate security – new type of dealing with risks  The "public's right to know" and the security system  Prevention of violence at sports events  Energetic security in Southeast Europe  Comparative experiences and latest mechanisms for preventing corruption  Types of corruption in the security system and the judiciary  Participation of citizens in the fight against corruption  Practical policies for police reforms  Police integrity yesterday, today and tomorrow  Forms of cooperation between police forces and police organizations  Structure of international police cooperation  Contents of international police cooperation  Forms of ad hoc institutionalization of international police cooperation  Educational systems and profile of police profession in the Balkan states  Forms of bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the area of dealing with crime, trafficking in humans, narcotics and psychotropic substances  Institutionalization of regional cooperation in dealing with crises and other security problems  Is the formation of joint Balkan police forces?  Is the formation of Balkan network of criminologists as well as networks of individuals coming from particular specialties possible?  Approaches in cases of domestic violence  Contemporary forms of trade, legal regulations and relations between states  Cooperation of economic subjects between legal security and security threats and risks  Regional cooperation and regional economic policies  Democracy, legal state, human rights, their enhancement and forms of protection  International standards for the protection of freedoms and rights of persons and citizens and the policies of the Balkan states  Forms of protection of freedoms and rights – experiences and perspective  Strengthening the rule of law and the responsibility of the institutions  The role of international organizations in the promotion and implementation of international norms for the protection of human rights in the Balkans  Democracy, stabilization, integration  Inter-state and inter-institutional cooperation in the protection of human freedoms and rights  Contemporary forms of crime and ways for their suppression  Contemporary forms of cyber crime (electronic: frauds, misleadings, threats, id thefts and other forms of electronic frauds and crimes)  Forms of crime related to the Internet and cyber services and manners for their detection  Criminalistic experiences, achievements, methods, means and manners for the suppression of contemporary forms of criminality  Gender perspectives in security  Relationship between criminological and victimological sciences and security as a science – independence, complementarity, distinctiveness, delimitation, subject of study and research methods.  Relationship between criminal law science and security as a science – independence, complementarity, distinctiveness, delimitation, subject of study and research methods.  Relationship between criminalistics and security as ascience - independence, complementarity, distinctiveness, delimitation, subject of study and research methods  Classical (conventional) criminality – (un) justly neglected topic  Homicides and other crimes against the person – a worrying upward trend  Capital punishment – pros and cons (reasons for reconsideration)  Frauds – unjustly neglected criminality (phenomenology, etiology, prevention, penal policy)  Victimization of vulnerable groups (women, children, older persons, persons with disabilities etc.) and their protection  Reform of the criminal material and process law  Contemporary risk management methods in socio-pathological phenomena  Modernization of criminal justice  Contemporary challenges to criminology  Prevention of juvenile delinquency  Contemporary responses to criminality suppression  Sexual abuse of children  Assistance and support to crime victims  Problems relating to the statistical recording of criminality  Gender perspective of criminality  Women and criminality  Stress and victimization in penal institutions Through an open and well-argued debate the Conference should make topical the discussion on the difference between security as an activity and the science which deals with it, i.e. the scientific deliberation and the discovering of scientific laws and rules in the social field of security. These two concepts are most commonly referred to as security and security science or sciences, respectively. Yet, no clear distinction is drawn between them. Most commonly, when talking about security science the discussion revolves around security and its structure. In that sense the concept of security is currently being used with several meanings. As far as security at national or global level is concerned, we should bear in mind the fact that its contemporary concept and basic contours date back to the period after the fall of the Berlin Wall, i.e. after the Cold War. The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 mark a new era in the studies and the practice of security. As a result of globalization and the processes which led to the change in the structure of the world power, the phenomena encroaching security are perceived as challenges, risks and threats. The ranking of these concepts and phenomena depends on the level of their impact on the encroachment of security, and for this reason they represent latent, potential or factors of immediate encroachment. In scientific and expert debate security and security science are being disputed. Thus, instead of science, the notions of state (integral security), field (security sector) or a specific system are used. There are no doubts that security encompasses all of them. It is an important human activity in which numerous processes, subjects and relations are interwoven. That sphere is characterized by specific occurrences and phenomena which are challenges for numerous individuals, organs and organizations, and above all, for the state. Security is a complex phenomenon, a controversial concept which has very often been one-sidedly and narrowly defined through history. Security is a complex phenomenon, and, is essentially a disputable concept not only because of its elusive nature and contents bearing in mind the time and the place in which it has been discussed, but also because of the fact that discussion on security is inevitably related to other categories: fear (for physical survival), absence of structural violence, peace, well-being and stability. In international relations, security is defined in various ways, and very often in literature this concept is used without being more closely determined. As a political concept, security is evidently a pre-condition for the existence of life - individual and societal, and refers to the absence of threats and protection from threats. The understanding of security as an innate interest of every individual and broader human collectivities – family, society, nation, state, international system, points to the need for broadening the concept of security towards such approaches. Therefore, in theory concepts are formed such as national and international security, and, in more recent time, human, individual, societal and global security, which indicates an important expansion of new dimensions of security. The paradigms and the institutional models of security have a historical continuity. They have been changing. Security is inseparably related to the state and its organization, organs and function. Contemporary debates on security are expanded to the social and political sphere. Although the very mentioning of the concept of security, is, above all, associated with internal peace and peaceful life of the citizens, i.e. as freedom from threats, it also denotes a state of defence from an external enemy and encroachment of sovereignty. Therefore, the central interest of the concept of security is the state, which can be jeopardized by internal turmoil, economic and social disturbances, particularly in communities lacking the feeling of endangerment of identity and social cohesion. Hence, it can be concluded that "freedom means nothing without security" and that "the test of the freedom is the security of the minorities". For that purpose the Faculty of Security will organize an international conference in Ohrid in the period 2-3 June 2015 on the topic: "Researching security – approaches, concepts and policies". This will mean that the Faculty of Security Skopje will continue its orientation towards giving contribution to the development of scientific thought by organizing international conferences in the area of security, thus helping the decision-makers at regional, national and local level, to overcome practical problems they face in a faster, simpler and timely manner with the help of the findings and the research results.

The International Scientific Conference Ohrid 2014 through scientific articles should contribute to the 100th anniversary from the World War I, through a debate to offer answers to the questions that were current a century ago and to make the intersection of what and how changes are made in this part of Europe. Therefore the Faculty of Security-Skopje determined to organize an International Scientific Conference from the 3rd of June till 5th of June 2014 in Ohrid by the theme Macedonia and the Balkans 100 years from the World War I – Safety and Euro-Atlantic integrations. Thuscontinuing the orientation with organizing international conferences in the field of security so it can contribute to the development of scientific thought and for the decision makers of the regional, national and local level helps using the knowledge and research results for faster, simpler and timely overcome the practical problems that they are facing.This scientific meeting will be attended by over 100 scientific and educational workers from Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and the Republic of Macedonia. The conference will present papers on the following topics: 1. The Balkans and Macedonia in the geostrategic concepts of the European countries and interests:  The Balkans through its historical perspective - is the "candlewick" still existent?  What are the consequences of the military and police conflicts after the World War I and what are their contemporary consequences?  What is different in the geostrategic position of Macedonia and the Balkans after the World War I?  Is the resolving of the "Macedonian issue" achieved or is it an open process?  What are the reasons of the prolonged integrations of Macedonia into the European Union and the Euro-Atlantic structures? What is the position of the Balkan countries in relation to the Euro-Atlantic countries?  Is the Western Balkan the "appendix" of Europe?  The Balkans - intersection of cultures and traditions – security implications;  The cultural and religious differences on the Balkans - security challenges;  The contemporary position of the Balkans - European or Western;  Are there any concepts and strategies of the influential subjects in the international relations of the position of the Balkans, i.e. towards the Balkan countries – the Balkans as a strategic interest of the influential countries and subjects?  The Ohrid Framework Agreement - a model for resolving of ethnical conflicts  The Balkans and Republic of Macedonia in the Geostrategic concepts of European countries and interests 2. The Balkans, the National Countries and European Integrations:  The concept of the national countries and hegemonic concepts and ideologies on the Balkans;  The reestablishment of the nationalism and nationalistic absoluteness - accelerator of the Balkan conflicts; VIII  Is the era of Balkan collisions and conflicts terminated?  Europeanization of the Balkans and Balkanization of Europe;  Security issues related to the national borders;  The consequences of the visa liberalization over the Balkan countries and the member states of EU 3. The Police and the inter-police collaboration on the Balkans  The legal position of the Police and the other law enforcement organizations on the Balkans;  Forms of collaboration among the Police and the other law enforcement organizations;  Structure of the inter-police collaboration;  Contents of the inter-police collaboration;  Forms of ad hoc institutionalization of the inter-police collaboration;  The educational systems and the profile of the police profession in the Balkan countries;  Forms of bilateral and multilateral collaboration on the Balkans in the area of crime management, human traffic, narcotics and psychotropic substances;  Institutionalization of the regional collaboration in the management of crises and other security issues.  Is the formation of joined Balkan police forces possible?  Is the formation of a Balkan net of criminalists as well as a net of individuals in certain expert fields possible?  Western Balkan outside the European Union?  Police and crime - public opinion, public confidence 4. Economic and Commercial exchange on the Balkans:  Contemporary forms of trade, law regulations and relations among the countries;  Collaboration among the economic subjects between the legal reliability and the security threats and risks;  Regional collaboration and regional economic policy 5. Democracy, legal state and human rights; their promotion and forms of protection:  International standards for protection of the human freedoms and rights and the policy of the Balkan countries;  Forms of protection of the freedoms and rights - experiences and perspectives;  Strengthening of the rule of law and the responsibleness of the institutions;  The role of the international organizations in promotion and implementation of the international benchmarks for protection of the human rights of the people on the Balkans;  Democracy, stabilization, integration;  The interstate and inter-institutional collaboration in protection of the human freedoms and rights; 6. Criminal Justice, Criminal Policy and Victimization  Contemporary forms of computer crime (electronic: frauds, procuring, threats, stealing of personal data and other forms of electronic frauds and crime);  Forms of crime related to the internet and cyber services and modes for their detection;  Criminal experiences, achievements, methods, means and modes of suppression of the contemporary forms of criminality  War and crime;  War and victims of crime;  War crimes;  War v.v. reconciliation;  International aspects of crime and punishment;  Risk and criminal justice;  Modernization of Criminal Justice;  Contemporary challenges of criminology;  Reform of the criminal and procedural law; 7. Geopolitics in the 21st century and the appearance of new socio-criminological types of crime  Extra-institutional approach to new forms and types of crime The foreign policy of great powers and factors that cause forms of terrorism and organized crime in the 21st century