Suchergebnisse

This study tested the efficacy of secondary poisoning using Talon 20 P™
(20 ppm brodifacoum) in bait stations for killing predators in a New Zealand
podocarp forest. Nine of 10 resident radio-tagged stoats
(Mustela erminea) were killed after poisoning operations
that killed mice (Mus musculus), ship rats
(Rattus rattus) and brushtail possums
(Trichosurus vulpecula). Possums were an important
source of the poison, with six stoats dying 1–2 weeks after scavenging
on poisoned carcasses. New male stoats rapidly invaded the poisoned areas, but
few were killed because poisoned carcasses were scarce. Most resident stoats
died before possums were poisoned in other New Zealand trials when Talon 20 P
was hand-broadcast. Prey abundance is potentially an important determinant of
efficacy of the method, so pulse baiting is likely to be more successful than
press (sustained) baiting operations for controlling stoats. Use of bait
stations delayed indirect poisoning of stoats, but reduced risks to non-target
native species compared with hand-broadcast operations. Talon 20 P poisoning
operations using bait stations could be an especially useful way of restoring
New Zealand's mainland communities of native biota because several
species of predators are killed in the same operation, but potential risks to
non-target native wildlife and humans should be intensively researched before
the method is routinely used. This research also demonstrates the potential
hazards of the new anticoagulant poisons like brodifacoum to conservation of
small native predators elsewhere.

Two different brodifacoum (Talon 20 P™) poisoning regimes effectively
killed 100% of resident radio-tagged stoats
(Mustela erminea) by secondary poisoning in a New
Zealand Nothofagus forest when mice
(Mus musculus) were scarce. Resident possums
(Trichosurus vulpecula) and ship rats
(Rattus rattus) were also killed. The relative
importance of different prey species as sources of poison for stoats has not
been clearly identified but availability of poisoned prey will determine the
efficacy of secondary poisoning in years of low prey abundance. Tracking
tunnels did not accurately measure the decline in the stoat population and
were probably influenced by immigrant stoats that were kill-trapped and
contained high levels of poison. This study corroborates the findings of
several other similar studies that secondary poisoning using brodifacoum
effectively kills stoats.

In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), knowledge about health and its determinants has been integrated into a comparable framework to inform health policy. Outputs of this analysis are relevant to current policy questions in England and elsewhere, particularly on health inequalities. We use GBD 2013 data on mortality and causes of death, and disease and injury incidence and prevalence to analyse the burden of disease and injury in England as a whole, in English regions, and within each English region by deprivation quintile. We also assess disease and injury burden in England attributable to potentially preventable risk factors. England and the English regions are compared with the remaining constituent countries of the UK and with comparable countries in the European Union (EU) and beyond. We extracted data from the GBD 2013 to compare mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with a disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in England, the UK, and 18 other countries (the first 15 EU members [apart from the UK] and Australia, Canada, Norway, and the USA [EU15+]). We extended elements of the analysis to English regions, and subregional areas defined by deprivation quintile (deprivation areas). We used data split by the nine English regions (corresponding to the European boundaries of the Nomenclature for Territorial Statistics level 1 [NUTS 1] regions), and by quintile groups within each English region according to deprivation, thereby making 45 regional deprivation areas. Deprivation quintiles were defined by area of residence ranked at national level by Index of Multiple Deprivation score, 2010. Burden due to various risk factors is described for England using new GBD methodology to estimate independent and overlapping attributable risk for five tiers of behavioural, metabolic, and environmental risk factors. We present results for 306 causes and 2337 sequelae, and 79 risks or risk clusters. Between 1990 and 2013, life expectancy from birth in England increased by 5·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 5·0-5·8) from 75·9 years (75·9-76·0) to 81·3 years (80·9-81·7); gains were greater for men than for women. Rates of age-standardised YLLs reduced by 41·1% (38·3-43·6), whereas DALYs were reduced by 23·8% (20·9-27·1), and YLDs by 1·4% (0·1-2·8). For these measures, England ranked better than the UK and the EU15+ means. Between 1990 and 2013, the range in life expectancy among 45 regional deprivation areas remained 8·2 years for men and decreased from 7·2 years in 1990 to 6·9 years in 2013 for women. In 2013, the leading cause of YLLs was ischaemic heart disease, and the leading cause of DALYs was low back and neck pain. Known risk factors accounted for 39·6% (37·7-41·7) of DALYs; leading behavioural risk factors were suboptimal diet (10·8% [9·1-12·7]) and tobacco (10·7% [9·4-12·0]). Health in England is improving although substantial opportunities exist for further reductions in the burden of preventable disease. The gap in mortality rates between men and women has reduced, but marked health inequalities between the least deprived and most deprived areas remain. Declines in mortality have not been matched by similar declines in morbidity, resulting in people living longer with diseases. Health policies must therefore address the causes of ill health as well as those of premature mortality. Systematic action locally and nationally is needed to reduce risk exposures, support healthy behaviours, alleviate the severity of chronic disabling disorders, and mitigate the effects of socioeconomic deprivation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Public Health England.

Background In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), knowledge about health and its determinants has been integrated into a comparable framework to inform health policy. Outputs of this analysis are relevant to current policy questions in England and elsewhere, particularly on health inequalities. We use GBD 2013 data on mortality and causes of death, and disease and injury incidence and prevalence to analyse the burden of disease and injury in England as a whole, in English regions, and within each English region by deprivation quintile. We also assess disease and injury burden in England attributable to potentially preventable risk factors. England and the English regions are compared with the remaining constituent countries of the UK and with comparable countries in the European Union (EU) and beyond. Methods We extracted data from the GBD 2013 to compare mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with a disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in England, the UK, and 18 other countries (the first 15 EU members [apart from the UK] and Australia, Canada, Norway, and the USA [EU15+]). We extended elements of the analysis to English regions, and subregional areas defined by deprivation quintile (deprivation areas). We used data split by the nine English regions (corresponding to the European boundaries of the Nomenclature for Territorial Statistics level 1 [NUTS 1] regions), and by quintile groups within each English region according to deprivation, thereby making 45 regional deprivation areas. Deprivation quintiles were defined by area of residence ranked at national level by Index of Multiple Deprivation score, 2010. Burden due to various risk factors is described for England using new GBD methodology to estimate independent and overlapping attributable risk for five tiers of behavioural, metabolic, and environmental risk factors. We present results for 306 causes and 2337 sequelae, and 79 risks or risk clusters. Findings Between 1990 and 2013, life expectancy from birth in England increased by 5·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 5·0-5·8) from 75·9 years (75·9-76·0) to 81·3 years (80·9-81·7); gains were greater for men than for women. Rates of age-standardised YLLs reduced by 41·1% (38·3-43·6), whereas DALYs were reduced by 23·8% (20·9-27·1), and YLDs by 1·4% (0·1-2·8). For these measures, England ranked better than the UK and the EU15+ means. Between 1990 and 2013, the range in life expectancy among 45 regional deprivation areas remained 8·2 years for men and decreased from 7·2 years in 1990 to 6·9 years in 2013 for women. In 2013, the leading cause of YLLs was ischaemic heart disease, and the leading cause of DALYs was low back and neck pain. Known risk factors accounted for 39·6% (37·7-41·7) of DALYs; leading behavioural risk factors were suboptimal diet (10·8% [9·1-12·7]) and tobacco (10·7% [9·4-12·0]). Interpretation Health in England is improving although substantial opportunities exist for further reductions in the burden of preventable disease. The gap in mortality rates between men and women has reduced, but marked health inequalities between the least deprived and most deprived areas remain. Declines in mortality have not been matched by similar declines in morbidity, resulting in people living longer with diseases. Health policies must therefore address the causes of ill health as well as those of premature mortality. Systematic action locally and nationally is needed to reduce risk exposures, support healthy behaviours, alleviate the severity of chronic disabling disorders, and mitigate the effects of socioeconomic deprivation. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Public Health England. © 2015 Newton et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY. ; Export Date: 21 December 2015 CODEN: LANCA Correspondence Address: Newton, J.N.; Public Health England, Wellington HouseUnited Kingdom; email: john.newton@phe.gov.uk References: Murray C.J.L., Richards M.A., Newton J.N., UK health performance: Findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2013) Lancet, 381, pp. 997-1020; Greer S.L., Devolution and divergence in UK health policies (2008) BMJ, 337, p. a2616; England N.H.S., (2014) Five Year Forward View, , http://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/futurenhs/, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); Naghavi M., Wang H., Lozano R., Global, regional and national levels of age-specific mortality and 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (2015) Lancet, 385, pp. 117-171; Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disabilities for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (2015) Lancet, 386, pp. 743-800; Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 76 behavioural, environmental, occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2013 (2015) Lancet, , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2, published online Sept 11; Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition (2015) Lancet, , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X, published online Aug 27; Vos T., Flaxman A.D., Naghavi M., Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012) Lancet, 380, pp. 2163-2196; Murray C.J.L., Ezzati M., Flaxman A.D., GBD 2010: Design, definitions, and metrics (2012) Lancet, 380, pp. 2063-2066; Statistical Bulletin. Super Output Area Population Estimates, mid-2011 (Census Based), , http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_302853.pdf, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); McLennan D., Barnes H., Noble M., Davies J., Garratt E., (2011) The English Indices of Deprivation 2010. Technical Report, , https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6320/1870718.pdf, Department for Communities and Local Government London (accessed Aug 24, 2015); Adams J., White M., Removing the health domain from the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004 - Effect on measured inequalities in census measure of health (2006) J Public Health (Oxf), 28, pp. 379-383; Wang H., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Lofgren K.T., Age-specific and sex-specific mortality in 187 countries, 1970-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012) Lancet, 380, pp. 2071-2094; Murray C.J.L., Rajaratnam J.K., Marcus J., Laakso T., Lopez A.D., What can we conclude from death registration? Improved methods for evaluating completeness (2010) PLoS Med, 7, p. e1000262; Naghavi M., Makela S., Foreman K., O'Brien J., Pourmalek F., Lozano R., Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data (2010) Popul Health Metr, 8, p. 9; Lozano R., Naghavi M., Foreman K., Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012) Lancet, 380, pp. 2095-2128; Ahern R.M., Lozano R., Naghavi M., Foreman K., Gakidou E., Murray C.J., Improving the public health utility of global cardiovascular mortality data: The rise of ischemic heart disease (2011) Popul Health Metr, 9, p. 8; Foreman K.J., Lozano R., Lopez A.D., Murray C.J., Modeling causes of death: An integrated approach using CODEm (2012) Popul Health Metr, 10, p. 1; (2014) Statistical Bulletin. Suicides in the United Kingdom, 2012 Registrations, , http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_351100.pdf, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); (2014) Health Survey for England - 2013, , http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB16076, (accessed Feb 26, 2015); Matthews F.E., Arthur A., Barnes L.E., A two-decade comparison of prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 65 years and older from three geographical areas of England: Results of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study i and II (2013) Lancet, 382, pp. 1405-1412; Salomon J.A., Haagsma J.A., Acj D., Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study Lancet Glob Health, , (in press); Haagsma J.A., De Noordhout C.M., Polinder S., Assessing disability weights based on the responses of 30 660 people from four European countries (2015) Popul Health Metr, 13, p. 10; Preston S., Heuveline P., Guillot M., (2000) Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes, , 1st edn. Wiley-Blackwell Malden, MA; Beltrán-Sánchez H., Preston S.H., Canudas-Romo V., An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: Cause-deleted life tables and decompositions of life expectancy (2008) Demogr Res, 19, pp. 1323-1350; Salomon J.A., Wang H., Freeman M.K., Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden Disease Study 2010 (2012) Lancet, 380, pp. 2144-2162; Murray C.J.L., Vos T., Lozano R., Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012) Lancet, 380, pp. 2197-2223; Gelman A., Analysis of variance - Why it is more important than ever (2005) Ann Stat, 33, pp. 1-53; (2010) Deaths from Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia and Senility in England, , http://www.endoflifecare-intelligence.org.uk/resources/publications/deaths_from_alzheimers, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); (2012) Mortality in the United Kingdom, 2010, , http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171780_251270.pdf, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); (2014) Statistical Bulletin. National Life Tables, United Kingdom, 2011-2013, , http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lifetables/national-life-tables/2011-2013/stb-uk-2011-2013.html, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); Green M., (2013) Death in England and Wales: Using A Classificatory Approach for Researching Mortality. PhD Thesis, , University of Sheffield; Green M.A., Vickers D., Dorling D., A neighbourhood level mortality classification of England and Wales, 2006-2009 (2014) Health Place, 30, pp. 196-204; Rasulo D., Bajekal M., Yar M., Inequalities in health expectancies in England and Wales - Small area analysis from the 2001 census (2007) Health Stat Q, 34, pp. 35-45; Statistical Bulletin. Experimental Statistics. Inequality in Disability-free Life Expectancy by Area Deprivation: England, 2003-06 and 2007-10, , http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_319481.pdf, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); Bennett J.E., Li G., Foreman K., The future of life expectancy and life expectancy inequalities in England and Wales: Bayesian spatiotemporal forecasting (2015) Lancet, 386, pp. 163-170; Rienzo C., (2012) Migrants in the UK Labour Market: An Overview, , http://storage0.dms.mpinteractiv.ro/media/1/186/3927/10538667/2/briefing-migrants-the-uk-labour-market-0.pdf, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); Bongaart J., Trends in causes of death in low-mortality countries: Implications for mortality projections (2014) Popul Dev Rev, 40, pp. 189-212; Williams R., Aspinall R., Bellis M., Addressing liver disease in the UK: A blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis (2014) Lancet, 384, pp. 1953-1997; Prince M., Bryce R., Albanese E., Wimo A., Ribeiro W., Ferri C.P., The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis (2013) Alzheimers Dement, 9, pp. 63-75; Holland D., Desikan R.S., Dale A.M., McEvoy L.K., Rates of decline in Alzheimer disease decrease with age (2012) PLoS One, 7, p. e42325; Rocca W.A., Petersen R.C., Knopman D.S., Trends in the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and cognitive impairment in the United States (2011) Alzheimers Dement, 7, pp. 80-93; Hoy D.G., Smith E., Cross M., Reflecting on the global burden of musculoskeletal conditions: Lessons learnt from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study and the next steps forward (2014) Ann Rheum Dis, 74, pp. 4-7; Kessler D., Bennewith O., Lewis G., Sharp D., Detection of depression and anxiety in primary care: Follow up study (2002) BMJ, 325, pp. 1016-1017; Davidson J.R., Feltner D.E., Dugar A., Management of generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: Identifying the challenges and unmet needs (2010) Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry, 12. , pii PCC.09r00772; Buszewicz M.J., Chew-Graham C., Improving the detection and management of anxiety disorders in primary care (2011) Br J Gen Pract, 61, pp. 489-490; Van Zoonen K., Buntrock C., Ebert D.D., Preventing the onset of major depressive disorder: A meta-analytic review of psychological interventions (2014) Int J Epidemiol, 43, pp. 318-329; (2014) Report 1. Care Processes and Treatment Targets, , http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB14970, (accessed Aug 28, 2015); Bajekal M., Scholes S., Love H., Analysing recent socioeconomic trends in coronary heart disease mortality in England, 2000-2007: A population modelling study (2012) PLoS Med, 9, p. e1001237; He F.J., Brinsden H.C., MacGregor G.A., Salt reduction in the United Kingdom: A successful experiment in public health (2014) J Hum Hypertens, 28, pp. 345-352; Fleming K.M., Aithal G.P., Solaymani-Dodaran M., Card T.R., West J., Incidence and prevalence of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom, 1992-2001: A general population-based study (2008) J Hepatol, 49, pp. 732-738; Ratib S., West J., Crooks C.J., Fleming K.M., Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in England, a cohort study, 1998-2009: A comparison with cancer (2014) Am J Gastroenterol, 109, pp. 190-198; Taylor-Robinson S.D., Foster G.R., Arora S., Hargreaves S., Thomas H.C., Increase in primary liver cancer in the UK, 1979-94 (1997) Lancet, 350, pp. 1142-1143; Bosch F.X., Ribes J., Díaz M., Cléries R., Primary liver cancer: Worldwide incidence and trends (2004) Gastroenterology, 127, pp. S5-16; Leon D.A., McCambridge J., Liver cirrhosis mortality rates in Britain from 1950 to 2002: An analysis of routine data (2006) Lancet, 367, pp. 52-56; Link B.G., Phelan J., Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease (1995) J Heal Soc Behav, pp. 80-94; Ritchie K., Carrière I., Ritchie C.W., Berr C., Artero S., Ancelin M.-L., Designing prevention programmes to reduce incidence of dementia: Prospective cohort study of modifiable risk factors (2010) BMJ, 341, p. c3885; Lee Y., Back J.H., Kim J., Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults (2010) Int Psychogeriatr, 22, pp. 174-187; Engelhart M.J., Geerlings M.I., Ruitenberg A., Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease (2002) JAMA, 287, pp. 3223-3229; Haan M.N., Wallace R., Can dementia be prevented? Brain aging in a population-based context (2004) Annu Rev Public Health, 25, pp. 1-24; Dai Q., Borenstein A.R., Wu Y., Jackson J.C., Larson E.B., Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer's disease: The Kame Project (2006) Am J Med, 119, pp. 751-759; Smith A.D., Yaffe K., Dementia (including Alzheimer's disease) can be prevented: Statement supported by international experts (2014) J Alzheimers Dis, 38, pp. 699-703; (2015) Suicides in the United Kingdom, 2013 Registrations, , http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_395145.pdf, (accessed Aug 24, 2015); Butterfield R., Henderson J., Scott R., (2009) Public Health and Prevention, Expenditure in England. Health England Report No. 4, , Department of Health London