Suchergebnisse

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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language:PT-BR; mso-fareast-language:PT-BR;} --> <!--[endif] --></p><p class="ALHEPrrafo2" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;">Este artículo evalúa la estatura de los residentes en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), nacidos entre 1889 y 1919, para evaluar sus condiciones biológicas de vida. Análisis de regresión y otras herramientas han sido aplicados a una base de datos con más de 13 000 observaciones/casos de la estatura y otras características de individuos del sexo masculino. Las conclusiones principales son: a) la población del estado era lo suficientemente alta como para el periodo (unos 166.7 cm); b) los europeos inmigrantes tenían una estatura cercana a la de los nacidos en Rio Grande do Sul; c) la estatura permaneció estancada durante el periodo e incluso descendió en los últimos años. Finalmente, se discuten tres hipótesis para tales reducciones en altura.</span></p><p> </p>

ABSTRACT This paper estimates the local multiplier of manufacturing for Brazil (2000-2010). The method is based on (Moretti, 2010) and on (Moretti and Thulin, 2012), who estimated these multipliers for the U.S. and Sweden. The local multiplier of manufacturing estimates the impacts of employment changes in the industrial sectors on employment in the services sectors, and the impact of changes in employment in the high-tech and low-tech tradable sectors on employment in the services sectors. These estimates help to assess the importance of industrial employment changes over local economies. We created instrumental variables, based on the shift-share method. The employment data cover 21 economic subsectors and 123 regions in 2000, 2005 and 2010. We have estimated that in the Brazilian mesorregions, for each new job in the tradable sectors, almost four jobs were created locally in the services sectors. Additionally, each job in the high-tech industrial sectors was estimated to create approximately seven jobs in the services sectors over the long term.

RésuméLes auteurs font appel à l'apprentissage profond et au traitement du langage naturel pour construire des indicateurs de compétences et de distance professionnelle comparables entre pays, qu'ils utilisent pour produire des faits descriptifs sur les transitions professionnelles et la distribution des salaires au Brésil. À partir de données sur l'ensemble des contrats de travail formels conclus entre 2003 et 2018, ils constatent que les travailleurs mobilisant surtout des compétences cognitives non routinières sont mieux lotis en termes d'emploi, de salaire et de transition professionnelle. Ils observent des signes de progrès technologique biaisé et de polarisation de l'emploi après la crise économique brésilienne de 2014.

This article introduces two methods to derive internationally comparable skill and occupational distance measures based on machine learning and natural language processing techniques. We apply these measures to produce descriptive facts about employment transitions and workers' wage distribution in Brazil using all formal labour contracts registered in the period 2003‐18. Our findings indicate that workers who use non‐routine cognitive skills intensively are better off in terms of employment, wages and switching occupation. Overall, we observe signs of routine‐biased technological change and employment polarization following the Brazilian economic crisis of 2014.

ResumenEn este artículo se presentan dos métodos para obtener medidas de calificación profesional y distancias ocupacionales de comparabilidad internacional, basados en técnicas de aprendizaje automático y de procesamiento del lenguaje natural. Con estas medidas se generan hechos descriptivos sobre las transiciones laborales y la distribución salarial en el Brasil, tras analizar todos los contratos de trabajo formales registrados en el periodo 2003‐2018. Los trabajadores que utilizan intensivamente competencias cognitivas no rutinarias obtienen mejores resultados en cuanto al empleo, los salarios y el cambio de ocupación. Tras la crisis económica brasileña de 2014, se observan indicios de cambio tecnológico con sesgo de rutina y de polarización del empleo.

This study explores children's mobility and transportation on their routes from home to school and back home in Brasília, the fully planned capital of Brazil. The research is based on Federal District statistical data and work shops conducted with 243 children who attended a government-run elementary school located in the Plano Piloto of Brasília. Results show 15.8% of children below twelve years old of the 229,073 who attend schools in the Federal District travel to a region far from their local neighbourhoods. 35% of those studying in other regions (22,485) go to the Plano Piloto. Children's transportation and mobility predominantly among poor elementary school children is highly complex and different from the simple pendulum movement reported in origin- –destination surveys. We conclude that the utopia planned for Brasília was not achieved because of the urban structure that banished the poorest people to the periphery, and because of the poor quality of schools in these neighbourhoods. The long daily commute that most children must make is the result of these failures.

Resumo Este estudo analisa a mobilidade de crianças nos trajetos de casa para a escola e da escola para casa no Distrito Federal. Com base em um estudo que acompanhou crianças de duas instituições educacionais públicas situadas no Plano Piloto de Brasília (um Centro de Educação Infantil e uma Escola-Classe), foi possível traçar um perfil das práticas de circulação dessa população. Depois de apresentar a concepção inicial dos planejadores de Brasília para a mobilidade de crianças, o trabalho passa a analisar os dados gerados na pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que apenas 4% das crianças vão para a escola a pé e 57% têm que viajar mais de 20 km por dia apenas em seus trajetos casa-escola-casa. Ou seja, a estrutura urbana da cidade e a oferta limitada de educação pública não permitiram que a utopia idealizada para Brasília se realizasse.