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International audience ; In the last ten years, the Chinese cruise market has gone through a number of different phases. As an activity which was only approved by the central government in 2006, it initially had a hesitant start. The hopes of American and European companies rapidly increased as a consequence of the observed rates of growth. Following that market test, the sector became a priority and the offer has been improved with the arrival of new companies and a move up market. Admittedly, Chinese customers accounted for 8% of global cruise passengers, becoming the second largest country of origin, but the market is down since 2018. But we can't conclude that supply and demand are now simply aligned with American or European options and that the Chinese market is today just a new cruising area where those practices observed elsewhere are being replicated. The situation is, in fact, more complex and the cruising sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is either characterised by specificities of a political nature or linked to the appropriation of this activity by its customers. The objective of this article is therefore to shed light on the specific logics at work in this market. ; En seulement une dizaine d'années, le marché chinois de la croisière maritime a traversé différentes phases. Activité autorisée depuis seulement 2006 par le gouvernement central, elle a d'abord débuté timidement. Rapidement les ambitions des compagnies étatsuniennes et européennes grandissent devant les taux de croissance observés. De marché test, il devient prioritaire et l'offre s'enrichit avec l'arrivée de nouvelles compagnies et d'une montée en gamme. La clientèle chinoise représente environ 8% des croisiéristes mondiaux, devenant le deuxième pays émetteur, mais le marché est en baisse depuis 2018. On ne peut pas pour autant en conclure que l'offre et la demande se sont simplement alignées sur les moyennes américaines ou européennes et qu'aujourd'hui la Chine ne constitue qu'un nouveau bassin de navigation où sont ...

International audience ; In the last ten years, the Chinese cruise market has gone through a number of different phases. As an activity which was only approved by the central government in 2006, it initially had a hesitant start. The hopes of American and European companies rapidly increased as a consequence of the observed rates of growth. Following that market test, the sector became a priority and the offer has been improved with the arrival of new companies and a move up market. Admittedly, Chinese customers accounted for 8% of global cruise passengers, becoming the second largest country of origin, but the market is down since 2018. But we can't conclude that supply and demand are now simply aligned with American or European options and that the Chinese market is today just a new cruising area where those practices observed elsewhere are being replicated. The situation is, in fact, more complex and the cruising sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is either characterised by specificities of a political nature or linked to the appropriation of this activity by its customers. The objective of this article is therefore to shed light on the specific logics at work in this market. ; En seulement une dizaine d'années, le marché chinois de la croisière maritime a traversé différentes phases. Activité autorisée depuis seulement 2006 par le gouvernement central, elle a d'abord débuté timidement. Rapidement les ambitions des compagnies étatsuniennes et européennes grandissent devant les taux de croissance observés. De marché test, il devient prioritaire et l'offre s'enrichit avec l'arrivée de nouvelles compagnies et d'une montée en gamme. La clientèle chinoise représente environ 8% des croisiéristes mondiaux, devenant le deuxième pays émetteur, mais le marché est en baisse depuis 2018. On ne peut pas pour autant en conclure que l'offre et la demande se sont simplement alignées sur les moyennes américaines ou européennes et qu'aujourd'hui la Chine ne constitue qu'un nouveau bassin de navigation où sont ...

International audience ; In the last ten years, the Chinese cruise market has gone through a number of different phases. As an activity which was only approved by the central government in 2006, it initially had a hesitant start. The hopes of American and European companies rapidly increased as a consequence of the observed rates of growth. Following that market test, the sector became a priority and the offer has been improved with the arrival of new companies and a move up market. Admittedly, Chinese customers accounted for 8% of global cruise passengers, becoming the second largest country of origin, but the market is down since 2018. But we can't conclude that supply and demand are now simply aligned with American or European options and that the Chinese market is today just a new cruising area where those practices observed elsewhere are being replicated. The situation is, in fact, more complex and the cruising sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is either characterised by specificities of a political nature or linked to the appropriation of this activity by its customers. The objective of this article is therefore to shed light on the specific logics at work in this market. ; En seulement une dizaine d'années, le marché chinois de la croisière maritime a traversé différentes phases. Activité autorisée depuis seulement 2006 par le gouvernement central, elle a d'abord débuté timidement. Rapidement les ambitions des compagnies étatsuniennes et européennes grandissent devant les taux de croissance observés. De marché test, il devient prioritaire et l'offre s'enrichit avec l'arrivée de nouvelles compagnies et d'une montée en gamme. La clientèle chinoise représente environ 8% des croisiéristes mondiaux, devenant le deuxième pays émetteur, mais le marché est en baisse depuis 2018. On ne peut pas pour autant en conclure que l'offre et la demande se sont simplement alignées sur les moyennes américaines ou européennes et qu'aujourd'hui la Chine ne constitue qu'un nouveau bassin de navigation où sont ...

International audience ; In the last ten years, the Chinese cruise market has gone through a number of different phases. As an activity which was only approved by the central government in 2006, it initially had a hesitant start. The hopes of American and European companies rapidly increased as a consequence of the observed rates of growth. Following that market test, the sector became a priority and the offer has been improved with the arrival of new companies and a move up market. Admittedly, Chinese customers accounted for 8% of global cruise passengers, becoming the second largest country of origin, but the market is down since 2018. But we can't conclude that supply and demand are now simply aligned with American or European options and that the Chinese market is today just a new cruising area where those practices observed elsewhere are being replicated. The situation is, in fact, more complex and the cruising sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is either characterised by specificities of a political nature or linked to the appropriation of this activity by its customers. The objective of this article is therefore to shed light on the specific logics at work in this market. ; En seulement une dizaine d'années, le marché chinois de la croisière maritime a traversé différentes phases. Activité autorisée depuis seulement 2006 par le gouvernement central, elle a d'abord débuté timidement. Rapidement les ambitions des compagnies étatsuniennes et européennes grandissent devant les taux de croissance observés. De marché test, il devient prioritaire et l'offre s'enrichit avec l'arrivée de nouvelles compagnies et d'une montée en gamme. La clientèle chinoise représente environ 8% des croisiéristes mondiaux, devenant le deuxième pays émetteur, mais le marché est en baisse depuis 2018. On ne peut pas pour autant en conclure que l'offre et la demande se sont simplement alignées sur les moyennes américaines ou européennes et qu'aujourd'hui la Chine ne constitue qu'un nouveau bassin de navigation où sont répliquées les pratiques observées ailleurs. La situation est plus complexe et le secteur de la croisière en République Populaire de Chine (RPC) présente des spécificités d'ordre politique ou en lien avec l'appropriation de cette activité par la clientèle. L'objectif de cet article est donc d'éclairer les logiques singulières à l'œuvre dans ce marché.

International audience ; In the last ten years, the Chinese cruise market has gone through a number of different phases. As an activity which was only approved by the central government in 2006, it initially had a hesitant start. The hopes of American and European companies rapidly increased as a consequence of the observed rates of growth. Following that market test, the sector became a priority and the offer has been improved with the arrival of new companies and a move up market. Admittedly, Chinese customers accounted for 8% of global cruise passengers, becoming the second largest country of origin, but the market is down since 2018. But we can't conclude that supply and demand are now simply aligned with American or European options and that the Chinese market is today just a new cruising area where those practices observed elsewhere are being replicated. The situation is, in fact, more complex and the cruising sector in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is either characterised by specificities of a political nature or linked to the appropriation of this activity by its customers. The objective of this article is therefore to shed light on the specific logics at work in this market. ; En seulement une dizaine d'années, le marché chinois de la croisière maritime a traversé différentes phases. Activité autorisée depuis seulement 2006 par le gouvernement central, elle a d'abord débuté timidement. Rapidement les ambitions des compagnies étatsuniennes et européennes grandissent devant les taux de croissance observés. De marché test, il devient prioritaire et l'offre s'enrichit avec l'arrivée de nouvelles compagnies et d'une montée en gamme. La clientèle chinoise représente environ 8% des croisiéristes mondiaux, devenant le deuxième pays émetteur, mais le marché est en baisse depuis 2018. On ne peut pas pour autant en conclure que l'offre et la demande se sont simplement alignées sur les moyennes américaines ou européennes et qu'aujourd'hui la Chine ne constitue qu'un nouveau bassin de navigation où sont répliquées les pratiques observées ailleurs. La situation est plus complexe et le secteur de la croisière en République Populaire de Chine (RPC) présente des spécificités d'ordre politique ou en lien avec l'appropriation de cette activité par la clientèle. L'objectif de cet article est donc d'éclairer les logiques singulières à l'œuvre dans ce marché.

International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.

International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.

International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.

International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.

International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.

International audience ; Morocco represents an interesting study case of proactive policy of touristic counting planning, based in particular on air transportation development. The object of this study is to understand the process of opening to the market of the airline field, to analyse the strategies of the companies, more especially of the low cost companies, and to understand the consequences on tourism activity and their territorial organization. ; Le Maroc présente un cas intéressant de politique volontariste d'aménagement touristique faisant la part belle au développement du transport aérien comme vecteur de croissance du trafic. L'objectif de cette analyse est de comprendre les mécanismes d'ouverture à la concurrence du secteur aérien,d'analyser les stratégies des compagnies aériennes, notamment les low cost (à bas coûts) et de saisir les conséquences sur les arrivées touristiques et leur organisation spatiale.

International audience ; Structural evolution has transformed the European airport activity since the end of the 90's. We have seen the arrival of low cost airlines with a different management model than full service companies. The introduction of low cost airlines has shaken the European market and with the growth of these airlines, the relations between airports and airlines have changed. It is important to note that smaller airports have seen an increase in activity from this market shift. We have also identified new governance models in airports giving a larger voice to local authorities. They are invested, not only in the proper management of these airports, but also in the global economic development. This new context has driven the need to re-evaluate the benefits of these airport models. The sensitivity to operating costs and airport taxes by these low cost airlines has encouraged authorities to financially support them. They consider that this new airline model will create better accessibility to the territories,thus providing a larger incentive for tourists to come by and stimulate the local economy. The European Union's oversight and regulations to limit distortions of competition brought in a legal constraint between the relations of authorities and airlines. Considering all of the above parameters,we ask ourselves what is the role of these stakeholders? And what are the repercussions on theFrench airport system? To examine this new context, we will first cover the reason behind the suddengrowth of these low cost companies and the details of their development in France. Secondly, we willgo over their role in the top down hierarchy of airports. Third, we will inspect how the organizationalmanagement is done between airports and authorities. Finally, we will ask ourselves what is thegovernment's interest in helping the low cost airlines and we will focus on the airlines relationsbetween France and Great-Britain ; Des évolutions structurelles ont transformé l'activité aéroportuaire européenne depuis la ...

International audience ; Structural evolution has transformed the European airport activity since the end of the 90's. We have seen the arrival of low cost airlines with a different management model than full service companies. The introduction of low cost airlines has shaken the European market and with the growth of these airlines, the relations between airports and airlines have changed. It is important to note that smaller airports have seen an increase in activity from this market shift. We have also identified new governance models in airports giving a larger voice to local authorities. They are invested, not only in the proper management of these airports, but also in the global economic development. This new context has driven the need to re-evaluate the benefits of these airport models. The sensitivity to operating costs and airport taxes by these low cost airlines has encouraged authorities to financially support them. They consider that this new airline model will create better accessibility to the territories,thus providing a larger incentive for tourists to come by and stimulate the local economy. The European Union's oversight and regulations to limit distortions of competition brought in a legal constraint between the relations of authorities and airlines. Considering all of the above parameters,we ask ourselves what is the role of these stakeholders? And what are the repercussions on theFrench airport system? To examine this new context, we will first cover the reason behind the suddengrowth of these low cost companies and the details of their development in France. Secondly, we willgo over their role in the top down hierarchy of airports. Third, we will inspect how the organizationalmanagement is done between airports and authorities. Finally, we will ask ourselves what is thegovernment's interest in helping the low cost airlines and we will focus on the airlines relationsbetween France and Great-Britain ; Des évolutions structurelles ont transformé l'activité aéroportuaire européenne depuis la ...

International audience ; Structural evolution has transformed the European airport activity since the end of the 90's. We have seen the arrival of low cost airlines with a different management model than full service companies. The introduction of low cost airlines has shaken the European market and with the growth of these airlines, the relations between airports and airlines have changed. It is important to note that smaller airports have seen an increase in activity from this market shift. We have also identified new governance models in airports giving a larger voice to local authorities. They are invested, not only in the proper management of these airports, but also in the global economic development. This new context has driven the need to re-evaluate the benefits of these airport models. The sensitivity to operating costs and airport taxes by these low cost airlines has encouraged authorities to financially support them. They consider that this new airline model will create better accessibility to the territories,thus providing a larger incentive for tourists to come by and stimulate the local economy. The European Union's oversight and regulations to limit distortions of competition brought in a legal constraint between the relations of authorities and airlines. Considering all of the above parameters,we ask ourselves what is the role of these stakeholders? And what are the repercussions on theFrench airport system? To examine this new context, we will first cover the reason behind the suddengrowth of these low cost companies and the details of their development in France. Secondly, we willgo over their role in the top down hierarchy of airports. Third, we will inspect how the organizationalmanagement is done between airports and authorities. Finally, we will ask ourselves what is thegovernment's interest in helping the low cost airlines and we will focus on the airlines relationsbetween France and Great-Britain ; Des évolutions structurelles ont transformé l'activité aéroportuaire européenne depuis la ...

International audience ; Structural evolution has transformed the European airport activity since the end of the 90's. We have seen the arrival of low cost airlines with a different management model than full service companies. The introduction of low cost airlines has shaken the European market and with the growth of these airlines, the relations between airports and airlines have changed. It is important to note that smaller airports have seen an increase in activity from this market shift. We have also identified new governance models in airports giving a larger voice to local authorities. They are invested, not only in the proper management of these airports, but also in the global economic development. This new context has driven the need to re-evaluate the benefits of these airport models. The sensitivity to operating costs and airport taxes by these low cost airlines has encouraged authorities to financially support them. They consider that this new airline model will create better accessibility to the territories,thus providing a larger incentive for tourists to come by and stimulate the local economy. The European Union's oversight and regulations to limit distortions of competition brought in a legal constraint between the relations of authorities and airlines. Considering all of the above parameters,we ask ourselves what is the role of these stakeholders? And what are the repercussions on theFrench airport system? To examine this new context, we will first cover the reason behind the suddengrowth of these low cost companies and the details of their development in France. Secondly, we willgo over their role in the top down hierarchy of airports. Third, we will inspect how the organizationalmanagement is done between airports and authorities. Finally, we will ask ourselves what is thegovernment's interest in helping the low cost airlines and we will focus on the airlines relationsbetween France and Great-Britain ; Des évolutions structurelles ont transformé l'activité aéroportuaire européenne depuis la fin des années 1990. On note d'une part l'arrivée des compagnies aériennes low cost qui présentent un modèle de fonctionnement en rupture avec les compagnies traditionnelles. D'autre part, sont apparus de nouveaux modes de gouvernance des aéroports donnant davantage de pouvoirs aux collectivités locales. Ces dernières sont largement investies, non seulement dans la gestion des aéroports, mais plus largement dans la définition des stratégies de développement économique. Ce nouveau contexte a conduit à réexaminer l'utilité économique des plates-formes aéroportuaires. L'extrême sensibilité des low cost aux coûts opérationnels, et en particulier aux taxes aéroportuaires, conjuguée à un niveau de taxation élevé en France a encouragé certaines collectivités à apporter des aides financières à ces compagnies en considérant qu'une meilleure accessibilité aérienne participe à une plus grande attractivité, notamment touristique. L'encadrement de ces aides par l'Union européenne, afin de limiter les distorsions de concurrence, a apporté un cadre légal plus contraignant à ces relations entre pouvoir public et compagnie aérienne. La prise en considération de l'ensemble de ces paramètres amène à s'interroger sur le rôle de chacun de ces acteurs et sur leurs incidences sur l'organisation du tissu aéroportuaire français.