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In this paper we examine the concept of quality of working life (QWL), focusing on the systematic connection with the employee's personality and happiness. The evolution of the approaches to QWL is analysed in the context of policy and management, showing the links between research findings and government reform ideas. The paper presents evidence through research perspectives on positive psychology and health sciences that productivity and employee happiness have a positive mutual interface. The author's position is that happiness is a key element in the concept of QWL. QWL is a level of well-being at work that depends on the relation between the whole of the factual working conditions and personality. QWL shows the state of subjective satisfaction – happiness at work. In this regard, we see four main dimensions of QWL – quality of working environment, job satisfaction, personality and personal happiness. Six of the most important work environment factors (pay, safety, balance of the working and non-working life, relationships, growth and self-realisation) have been set as the indicators for empirical studies. ; Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti gyvenimo darbe kokybės (GDK) sisteminę sandarą ir nustatyti svarbiausius matmenis bei jų empirinius rodiklius. GDK sampratos raida apžvelgiama viešosios politikos ir vadybos kontekste, atskleidžiamos mokslinių įžvalgų ir tyrimų sąsajos su naujomis viešojo valdymo reformų idėjomis. Autorius, remdamasis pozityviosios psichologijos ir sveikatos mokslų duomenimis, pabrėžia išvadą, kad darbo našumas ir darbuotojų laimė gali turėti stiprų sąveikos ryšį. GDK teorinėje sampratoje laimė yra esminis elementas. Gyvenimo darbe kokybė apima visumą faktinių darbo sąlygų, kurios skatina visavertį darbuotų fizinių, socialinių, ekonominių ir psichologinių poreikių tenkinimą dermėje su sėkminga organizacijos veikla. O kartu GDK yra darbo aplinkos sąlygojamas žmogaus subjektyvios gerovės laipsnis, atspindintis asmeninę pasitenkinimo būseną – laimę darbe. GDK veiksnių struktūroje išskiriami keturi pagrindiniai veiksniai ‒ objektyvių darbo sąlygų kokybė, subjektyvus darbuotojų pasitenkinimas, asmenybės bruožai (charakteris bei vertybinės nuostatos) ir laimė. Darbo aplinkos kokybei ir pasitenkinimui matuoti autorius siūlo šešias rodiklių grupes – atlyginimo, saugumo, darbo ir asmeninio gyvenimo dermės, santykių, profesinio augimo ir savirealizacijos.

Cities are complex and rapidly changing their social, economic and technological systems, with inevitable impacts on the environment and climate change. The main problems are – air pollution, traffic jams on the streets, damaging noise, poor quality built environment, derelict land, increasing quantities of waste. The purpose of this work is – a complex analysis of the most important urban development impact on climate change, regulatory measures and their implementation in the context of sustainable development. The objective of this work – study the urban sprawl's impact on the climate and it's regulation. Conclusive part of master's lecturing work is made out of 4 sections. The first section discusses the meaning of urban sprawl and impact on climate. The second – value of the cities and its problems. In the third section it's overviewed the environmental controlling measures used in European Union, reducing the urbanization impact on climate and regulatory solutions in Lithuania. In this section it is also defined a vision of sustainable and compact city. In order to reach the objective of this work, scientific literatures, relevant laws and regulation sources analysis, a survey of public opinion and statistical data analysis were used. Scientific literature analysis and empirical study confirmed hypothesis that: 1) the integral and complex environmental principles installation in public administration at all levels, and 2) social and educational programs which help to educate citizens ecological culture are one of the most important urban sprawl's impact on climate change regulatory measures. In the end of the work conclusions and recommendations are provided.

Cities are complex and rapidly changing their social, economic and technological systems, with inevitable impacts on the environment and climate change. The main problems are – air pollution, traffic jams on the streets, damaging noise, poor quality built environment, derelict land, increasing quantities of waste. The purpose of this work is – a complex analysis of the most important urban development impact on climate change, regulatory measures and their implementation in the context of sustainable development. The objective of this work – study the urban sprawl's impact on the climate and it's regulation. Conclusive part of master's lecturing work is made out of 4 sections. The first section discusses the meaning of urban sprawl and impact on climate. The second – value of the cities and its problems. In the third section it's overviewed the environmental controlling measures used in European Union, reducing the urbanization impact on climate and regulatory solutions in Lithuania. In this section it is also defined a vision of sustainable and compact city. In order to reach the objective of this work, scientific literatures, relevant laws and regulation sources analysis, a survey of public opinion and statistical data analysis were used. Scientific literature analysis and empirical study confirmed hypothesis that: 1) the integral and complex environmental principles installation in public administration at all levels, and 2) social and educational programs which help to educate citizens ecological culture are one of the most important urban sprawl's impact on climate change regulatory measures. In the end of the work conclusions and recommendations are provided.

Urban sprawl is recognized to have strong negative impacts on environmental, social and economic aspects. The expansion of the urban areas has important effects on energy and water consumption, air and water pollution, human health problems, soil and land consumption and degradation, as economic and social segregation and exclusion. The aim of this paper is to study the Vilnius public perception about urban sprawl in the environmental, social and economic dimensions, according to the age and professional occupation of the respondents. The results showed that the participants were concerned about urban sprawl effects. However, there were differences among ages and professional occupations. Younger people that worked in NGO and municipality gave more importance to the problem, and older government and municipally workers claimed for a better regulation. The perception of urban sprawl impacts on the environment were specially observed in consumption, pollution and human health, and less in soil, land degradation and resource depletion. Younger respondents valued more the impacts on air pollution, whereas government workers valued more the impacts in traffic aspects. The social and economic questions were considered all very important. Younger respondents were more concerned with the long distance travels and household expenditure than the older respondents. This last group claimed for more regulations and rated high the effects of urban sprawl in the rural environment, while young respondents – in urban areas.

Urban sprawl is recognized to have strong negative impacts on environmental, social and economic aspects. The expansion of the urban areas has important effects on energy and water consumption, air and water pollution, human health problems, soil and land consumption and degradation, as economic and social segregation and exclusion. The aim of this paper is to study the Vilnius public perception about urban sprawl in the environmental, social and economic dimensions, according to the age and professional occupation of the respondents. The results showed that the participants were concerned about urban sprawl effects. However, there were differences among ages and professional occupations. Younger people that worked in NGO and municipality gave more importance to the problem, and older government and municipally workers claimed for a better regulation. The perception of urban sprawl impacts on the environment were specially observed in consumption, pollution and human health, and less in soil, land degradation and resource depletion. Younger respondents valued more the impacts on air pollution, whereas government workers valued more the impacts in traffic aspects. The social and economic questions were considered all very important. Younger respondents were more concerned with the long distance travels and household expenditure than the older respondents. This last group claimed for more regulations and rated high the effects of urban sprawl in the rural environment, while young respondents – in urban areas. ; Žinoma, kad miestų plėtra daro didelį neigiamą poveikį aplinkai, socialiniams ir ekonominiams veiksniams. Su teritorijų plėtra susiję energijos ir vandens vartojimo pokyčiai, oro ir vandens tarša, žmonių sveikatos problemų gausėjimas, dirvožemio naudojimas ir nusidėvėjimas. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti skirtingo amžiaus ir skirtingo tipo darbovietėse dirbančių respondentų – Vilniaus miesto gyventojų – nuomonę apie miestų plėtros įtaką aplinkai bei socialiniam ekonominiam sektoriui. Paaiškėjo, kad tyrimo dalyviai susirūpinę dėl poveikio, kurį sukelia miestų plėtra. Jaunesni tyrimo dalyviai, dirbantys NVO arba savivaldybėje, didesnę reikšmę teikė problemoms, o vyresni vyriausybinių ir savivaldos institucijų darbuotojai teigė, kad svarbesnis yra reguliavimas. Respondentai miestų plėtros neigiamą poveikį aplinkai pirmiausia suvokia kaip užterštumo didėjimą bei didėjančias su žmonių sveikata susijusias problemas, mažiau dėmesio skirta dirvožemio nusidėvėjimui ir išteklių eikvojimui. Jaunesni respondentai didesnę reikšmę teikė oro taršai, o vyriausybinių institucijų darbuotojai – transporto problemoms. Jaunesni respondentai buvo labiau susirūpinę dėl ilgų atstumų kelionių ir namų ūkio išlaidų. Vyresni respondentai labiausiai pabrėžė urbanizacijos plėtros poveikį kaimiškų vietovių aplinkai, jaunesni tyrimo dalyviai – miestų teritorijų aplinkai. Visi klausimai socialiniu ekonominiu aspektu buvo laikomi labai svarbiais.

Urban sprawl is recognized to have strong negative impacts on environmental, social and economic aspects. The expansion of the urban areas has important effects on energy and water consumption, air and water pollution, human health problems, soil and land consumption and degradation, as economic and social segregation and exclusion. The aim of this paper is to study the Vilnius public perception about urban sprawl in the environmental, social and economic dimensions, according to the age and professional occupation of the respondents. The results showed that the participants were concerned about urban sprawl effects. However, there were differences among ages and professional occupations. Younger people that worked in NGO and municipality gave more importance to the problem, and older government and municipally workers claimed for a better regulation. The perception of urban sprawl impacts on the environment were specially observed in consumption, pollution and human health, and less in soil, land degradation and resource depletion. Younger respondents valued more the impacts on air pollution, whereas government workers valued more the impacts in traffic aspects. The social and economic questions were considered all very important. Younger respondents were more concerned with the long distance travels and household expenditure than the older respondents. This last group claimed for more regulations and rated high the effects of urban sprawl in the rural environment, while young respondents – in urban areas.

Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir įvertinti Lietuvos viešojo sektoriaus personalo, darbo užmokesčio ir institucinio valdymo pokyčius Europos šalių kontekste. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami skirtingų metų duomenys: vieni iš jų apima 10 ir daugiau metų laikotarpį, kiti – pastaruosius 6 ar net 1 metus. Siekiant identifikuoti dabartinius pokyčius Lietuvos viešajame sektoriuje, analizuotos naujausios tendencijos. Straipsnyje pateikta analizė Lietuvos savivaldybių, kurios buvo suskirstytos į keturias skirtingas grupes: didžiųjų miestų, vidutinio dydžio, mažas ir kurortų savivaldybes. Padaryta išvada, kad viešojo sektoriaus darbuotojų skaičiaus mažėjimas nebūtinai reiškia didesnį viešojo sektoriaus organizacijų efektyvumą. Ne darbuotojų skaičius, bet jų kvalifikacija ir kompetencija lemia sprendimų kokybę viešajame sektoriuje. Kita vertus, balansuojant tarp darbuotojų skaičiaus ir paslaugų efektyvumo viešajame sektoriuje, turėtų būti pasirinkta "vidurio kelio" politika. ; The purpose of this paper - to analyse and evaluate changes that have occurred in the Lithuanian public sector's staffing, employee pay and institutional management in the context of the European countries. The article analyses the data of different years: some data cover the period of 10 and more years, while other – the last 6 or even 1 year. The newest tendencies were analysed, seeking to indicate the contemporary changes in the Lithuanian public sector. The analysis of employees' changes in four distinguished groups of Lithuanian municipalities: large cities, medium-sized municipalities, small municipalities and resorts was presented. It was concluded that the decrease in the number of public sector staff does not necessarily means higher efficiency of the public sector organizations. Not the number of employees, but their qualification and competence determine the quality of decisions in the public sector. On the other hand, to achieve a balance between the staff number and the efficiency of services in the public sector, a middle-path policy should be used.