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Dieses essential beschäftigt sich unter anderem mit den noch jungen Forschungsgebieten Epigenetik und Molekulargenetik. Dabei stehen inhaltsbezogene Forschungsperspektiven wie der Kandidatengenansatz zur Entschlüsselung der molekularen Grundlagen der Persönlichkeit im Vordergrund. In Kombination mit der Magnetresonanztomographie lässt sich der Einfluss von genetischen Varianten auf das Gehirn und letztendlich auch auf menschliches Verhalten verorten (Genetic Imaging). Ein ausführliches Glossar der Grundbegrifflichkeiten komplettiert dieses essential. Der Inhalt Genomweite Assoziationsstudien vs. Kandidatengenansatz Die Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales Monogenetische Erberkrankungen vs. polygenetische Traits in der Molekularen Psychologie Umwelteffekte auf molekularer Ebene verorten: das Studium des Epigenoms Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Dozierende der Psychologie Psychologen, Psychiater, Ärzte und Neurowissenschaftler Der Autor Prof. Dr. Christian Montag lehrt Molekulare Psychologie an der Universität Ulm und ist Visiting Professor an der University of Electronic Science and Technology in Chengdu, China.

Das essential stellt zentrale Konzepte der Molekularen Psychologie vor und bietet in übersichtlicher Art und Weise einen Einblick in dieses neue, faszinierende Gebiet der Psychologie. Der erste Band dieser Einführung bietet neben einer Einordnung der Disziplin in das Fach Psychologie auch eine Erläuterung von Schlüsselkonzepten der molekulargenetischen Forschung. Diese greift auf zahlreiche neurowissenschaftliche Methoden zurück, um die molekularen Grundlagen der menschlichen Psyche besser charakterisieren zu können. Ein ausführliches Glossar der wichtigsten Begrifflichkeiten erleichtert den Einstieg in dieses hochaktuelle Thema. Der Inhalt Die Differentielle Psychologie als Vorgänger der Molekularen Psychologie Technologische Revolutionen in den Biowissenschaften als Wegbereiter für die Molekulare Psychologie Was sind Gene und wie sind sie aufgebaut? Welche Funktionalität besitzen Polymorphismen? Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Dozierende der Psychologie Psychologen, Psychiater, Ärzte und Neurowissenschaftler Der Autor Prof. Dr. Christian Montag lehrt Molekulare Psychologie an der Universität Ulm und ist Visiting Professor an der University of Electronic Science and Technology in Chengdu, China.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abstract -- Introduction to Internet Addiction -- 1 The Evolution of Internet Addiction Disorder -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Diagnosis of Internet Addiction -- 1.1.2 The Evolution of Internet Addiction -- 1.1.3 Internet Addiction Test -- 1.2 Risk Factors for Internet Addiction -- 1.2.1 Social Factors -- 1.2.2 Psychological Factors -- 1.2.3 Biological Factors -- 1.3 Treatment Approaches -- 1.3.1 Motivational Interviewing -- 1.3.2 Cognitive Behavior Therapy -- 1.3.3 Inpatient Care and Retreat Centers -- 1.4 Final Thoughts -- References -- 2 Theoretical Models of the Development and Maintenance of Internet Addiction -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction: Why Are Theoretical Models of the Development and Maintenance of Internet Addiction Important? -- 2.2 Recent Models of the Development and Maintenance of Internet Addiction -- 2.3 Previous and Current Research as the Basis for the Model's Assumptions -- 2.4 Neurocognitive Mechanisms Potentially Underlying Internet Addiction -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Neuroscientific Approaches to Internet Addiction -- 3 Structural Brain Imaging and Internet Addiction -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodologies for Assessing Structural Changes of the Brain -- 3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Anatomical MRI -- 3.2.1.1 Volumetric Analysis -- 3.2.1.2 Voxel-Based Morphometry -- 3.2.1.3 Cortical Thickness Measurement -- 3.2.2 Diffusion Tensor Imaging -- 3.2.2.1 Voxel-Based Analysis -- 3.2.2.2 Tract-Based Spatial Statistics -- 3.2.2.3 Tractography-Based Analysis -- 3.3 Brain Structural Abnormalities Associated with IAD -- 3.3.1 Results from Anatomical MRI -- 3.3.1.1 VBM Analysis -- 3.3.1.2 Cortical Thickness Analysis -- 3.3.2 Results from DTI -- 3.3.3 Correlations Between Brain Structural Alterations and Behavioral Assessments.

Das vorliegende essential beschäftigt sich mit der Nutzung des Smartphones und gibt Antworten darauf, warum wir immer mehr Zeit mit diesen Geräten verbringen. Es wird beschrieben, welche Gruppen besonders von einer übermäi︢gen Smartphone-Nutzung betroffen sind. Zusätzlich wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob digitale Welten tatsächlich unser Gehirn verändern. Ausserdem: Wie sieht eine gesunde Smartphone-Nutzung in der Familie und am Arbeitsplatz aus? Das Buch hält Tipps für einen möglichst stressfreien Umgang mit digitalen Welten bereit, damit wir wieder lernen, im Hier und Jetzt zu leben

Die grossen Internetunternehmen tun alles, damit wir als Nutzende im Netz versinken. Wir unterschätzen regelmäi︣g unsere Verweildauer auf den Online-Plattformen und hinterlassen eine Unzahl digitaler Fussabdrücke, die die Tech-Firmen reich machen. (Verlagsinformation)

The present data set contains self-report data of German individuals participating in a longitudinal data assessment via online surveys conducted in the year preceeding the general elections in Germany. Data of N = 122 individuals are included in the data set. Those individuals participated in an initial, extensive survey between November 2020 and February 2021 (T1) as well as in a final survey after the general German elections, thus, between the end of September 2021 and October 2021 (T3). Of those individuals, n = 93 additionally participated in an intermediate survey in between the previously mentioned ones between the end of May and the end of June 2021 (T2). Next to the assessment of sociodemographic variables, information on (political) news consumption, such as the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news, and on political attitudes, for example via current voting intentions for one of the major German parties, were assessed in the initial survey (T1). In the intermediate survey (T2), participants provided information on recent political news consumption habits including the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news, current voting intentions for one of the major German parties, as well as on extraordinary events that happened recently and impacted their voting intentions. In the final survey (T3), sociodemographic variables and actual voting decisions in the general German elections in 2021 were assessed. Moreover, variables on recent political news consumption habits, including the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news, and extraordinary events that happened recently and impacted voting decisions were assessed. Finally, a detailed self-report questionnaire retrospectively assessing political news consumption for the time between participation in the initial survey (T1) and the final survey (T3) was completed by participants. Not only did this questionnaire assess which online and offline news channels (e.g., TV, print, news websites) ...

The present data set contains self-report data of German individuals participating in a longitudinal data assessment via online surveys conducted in the year preceeding the general elections in Germany. Data of N = 122 individuals are included in the data set. Those individuals participated in an initial, extensive survey between November 2020 and February 2021 (T1) as well as in a final survey after the general German elections, thus, between the end of September 2021 and October 2021 (T3). Of those individuals, n = 93 additionally participated in an intermediate survey in between the previously mentioned ones between the end of May and the end of June 2021 (T2). Next to the assessment of sociodemographic variables, information on (political) news consumption, such as the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news, and on political attitudes, for example via current voting intentions for one of the major German parties, were assessed in the initial survey (T1). In the intermediate survey (T2), participants provided information on recent political news consumption habits including the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news, current voting intentions for one of the major German parties, as well as on extraordinary events that happened recently and impacted their voting intentions. In the final survey (T3), sociodemographic variables and actual voting decisions in the general German elections in 2021 were assessed. Moreover, variables on recent political news consumption habits, including the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news, and extraordinary events that happened recently and impacted voting decisions were assessed. Finally, a detailed self-report questionnaire retrospectively assessing political news consumption for the time between participation in the initial survey (T1) and the final survey (T3) was completed by participants. Not only did this questionnaire assess which online and offline news channels (e.g., TV, print, news websites) participants used. Besides, the questionnaire included items on how many outlets per channel were used and the frequency of being confronted with counter-attitudinal news within each channel. This data set is provided alongside the present article to be used for further investigations of the stability of voting intentions, thus, political attitudes. Moreover, a content analysis of the open responses on which extraordinary events happened and impacted voting intentions/decisions can provide further knowledge on factors influencing voting intentions and their variability versus stability.

This study aimed to examine the degree of homogeneity versus heterogeneity of individuals' political information environments across offline and online media types and relations with sociodemographic variables, personality, and political attitudes. In two online surveys, German participants (sample 1: N = 686; sample 2: N = 702) provided information on sociodemographic variables, consumption of political news, and voting intentions, and completed the Big Five Inventory and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) scales. Results revealed that absolutely homogeneous political news consumption was evident for a small proportion of individuals (2.04% and 0.43%). Openness (positively) and Agreeableness (negatively) exhibited significant associations with the degree of heterogeneity of political information environments across samples. No consistent patterns of relations with either the ideological attitudes of RWA and SDO or voting intentions were observed. The findings shed light on the existence of absolutely homogeneous political information environments and "who" might be prone to a more homogeneous versus more heterogeneous information environment.

Potential effects of demographics, personality, and ideological attitudes on the number of news sources consumed should be investigated. The number of news sources consumed, in turn, was seen as inverse proxy for the susceptibility to be caught in "filter bubbles" and/or "echo chambers" (online), which are hotly discussed topics also in politics. A sample of 1,681 (n ¼ 557 males) participants provided data on demographics, the Big Five as well asRight-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) alongside the number of different news sources consumed and current voting preferences. Results showed that age (positively), gender (higher in males), Openness (positively), and RWA (negatively) predicted the number of different news sources consumed. The group of participants consuming news exclusively offline showed highest scores in Conscientiousness and lowest scores in Neuroticism compared to the "news feeds only" and the "news feeds and online" groups. However, less than 5% of the participants exclusively consumed news via news feeds of social networking sites. Participants who stated that they would not vote reported the lowest number of different news sources consumed. These findings reveal first insights into predisposing factors for the susceptibility to be caught in "filter bubbles" and/or "echo chamber" online and how this might be associated with voting preferences.

Potential effects of demographics, personality, and ideological attitudes on the number of news sources consumed should be investigated. The number of news sources consumed, in turn, was seen as inverse proxy for the susceptibility to be caught in "filter bubbles" and/or "echo chambers" (online), which are hotly discussed topics also in politics. A sample of 1,681 (n = 557 males) participants provided data on demographics, the Big Five as well as Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) alongside the number of different news sources consumed and current voting preferences. Results showed that age (positively), gender (higher in males), Openness (positively), and RWA (negatively) predicted the number of different news sources consumed. The group of participants consuming news exclusively offline showed highest scores in Conscientiousness and lowest scores in Neuroticism compared to the "news feeds only" and the "news feeds and online" groups. However, less than 5% of the participants exclusively consumed news via news feeds of social networking sites. Participants who stated that they would not vote reported the lowest number of different news sources consumed. These findings reveal first insights into predisposing factors for the susceptibility to be caught in "filter bubbles" and/or "echo chamber" online and how this might be associated with voting preferences.