Suchergebnisse

Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Overview -- Changing International Norms -- Does History Provide Models? -- Women and Leadership in Post-Transition Democracies -- Gender Imagery and Executive Power -- Institutions: Access to Power and Gender Policymaking -- Themes Addressed in This Book -- The Cases -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Women at the Top: Leadership, Institutions and the Quality of Democracy -- Women's Participation and Democracy: The Third Wave Transitions -- Women Leaders (1960-2015): Gains Over Time -- Contexts Count -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: Global Trends in Women's Executive Leadership -- Introduction -- Trends -- Conditions Facilitating the Rise of Women Executives -- Transition as a Path for Women Executives -- Political Transition and Women Executives: Implications for Democracy -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: Gender and Institutions in Post-Transition Executives -- Institutions, Gender, and Executive Election -- Gender Norms -- Type of Executive (Presidentialism vs. Parliamentarism) -- Interbranch Contagion -- Institutions, Gender, and Governing -- Women in Legislatures and Feminist Policy Agendas -- Female Executives and a Feminist Policy Agenda -- Institutional Constraints on Gendered Governing in the Executive -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5: Cultural Explanations for Men's Dominance of National Leadership Worldwide -- How Gender Ideology and Stereotypes Consistently Advantage Men Along the Path to National Leadership -- Cultural Variation Across Place and Time -- Gendered Political Culture and the Deployment of Masculinity -- Democratic Transitions and Cultural Shifts in the Gendered Status Quo -- Support for Outsiders and Stereotypically Feminine Traits

"Studies ascent of professional economists to high positions in government during last five administrations in Chile. Initially, economists were in control of economic policymaking, but gradually have increased their influence by occupying top positions throughout the State bureaucracy. Also looks at economists' role during and after Chile's transition to democratic rule. Research is based on more than 100 interviews with high-ranking government officials. The interviewees are listed in the appendix"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

Os movimentos de mulheres muito contribuíram para pôr fim aos governos autoritários na América Latina, mas sua participação na reconstrução da política democrática tem sido mais limitada do que o esperado. Este artigo argumenta que a enorme influência exercida por elites tecnocráticas no processo de democratização na América Latina tem representado um obstáculo para a melhoria do status da mulher na região. Pressupostos e práticas preconceituosos quanto ao gênero têm sido apenas parcialmente abordados, em parte porque o processo de elaboração de políticas é controlado por economistas, um grupo profissional com uma postura particularmente hostil às análises de gênero. Sugere-se que mudanças no interior da (disciplina) Economia poderiam colaborar na tarefa de tornar a democracia mais sensível às demandas das mulheres.

El presente trabajo muestra que en Chile, el control de los economistas sobre importantes areas del estado estaba ya consolidado en los anos 60. Durante el gobierno militar, la funcion legitimadora cumplida por los economistas hizo crecer notablemente su influencia. Los economistas de oposicion tambien adquirieron poder en este periodo, pues los partidos politicos necesitaban relegitimarse como contendores en el control del gobierno. Los economistas facilitaron el surgimiento de un estilo politico menos ideologizado, pero la tecnocratizacion de la politica en Chile ha sido criticada por haber postergado la satisfaccion de demandas sociales y la eliminacion de practicas autoritarias. (Pensam Iberoam/DÜI)

This paper argues that the study of the professionalization of economics contributes to understanding the reorientations of economic and social change that have recently occurred in Latin America, helping to explain national differences in terms of market reforms. In this sense, four stages are established in the evolution of the economics profession in the region. In the first phase, of internationalization as a professionalization strategy, the use of foreign advisers was common. In the second, of Latin Americanization of the economy, a structuralist school of economic thought emerged, whose reference point was the creation of ECLAC. A third moment, called North Americanization of the economy, begins with the reaction of more traditional economists who end up dominating the professional field. Finally, in the fourth period, a broad consensus is reached regarding the need for changes in the political economy of the region. ; En este artículo se plantea que el estudio de la profesionalización de la economía contribuye a entender las reorientaciones del cambio económico y social ocurridas recientemente en América Latina, ayudando a explicar diferencias nacionales en cuanto a las reformas de mercado. En este sentido, se establecen cuatro etapas en la evolución de la profesión económica en la región. En la primera fase, de internacionalización como estrategia de profesionalización, el empleo de asesores extranjeros era común. En la segunda, de latinoamericanización de la economía, surge una escuela de pensamiento económico estructuralista, cuyo referente fue la creación de CEPAL. Un tercer momento, denominado norteamericanización de la economía, se inicia con la reacción de economistas más tradicionales que terminan dominando el campo profesional. Finalmente, en el cuarto período, se logra un amplio consenso respecto a la necesidad de cambios en la economía política de la región.

ABSTRACTProfessional economists have for a long time had significant roles as advisers to policy makers. In recent years they have gone well beyond this in many countries and have come to occupy the highest positions in government. While their technical knowledge is an important reason for their influx into governments, their acquisition of the highest positions of authority, we contend, is to an important degree a ceremonial display. The symbolic aspect of the appointment of high-level economist-politicians is as significant as any specific stock of knowledge they bring to political life and is a part of an emerging transnational political culture in which economists occupy a sacerdotal role.

Chile's experience suggests that there is no single, invariable relationship between the holding of power by technical experts and democratic practice. In Chile, the technically trained economist-politicians have been incorporated into the party system. In contrast, the reality of democracy in several other countries of the region is more profoundly threatened by the role played by technical experts. (DSE/DÜI)