Suchergebnisse

Esta pesquisa busca conhecer as práticas científicas na Capitania do Maranhão na segunda metade do século XVIII no contexto da História Natural de Portugal. Na oportunidade, pensar as relações do homem com a natureza a partir do estudo das remessas de gêneros naturais enviados do Maranhão para a Europa, está entre as preocupações. Para tanto utilizamos como fonte as correspondências trocadas entre os governadores desta Capitania e o Secretário de Estado de Negócios da Marinha e Ultramar, Martinho de Melo e Castro no período de 1773 à 1790. Portanto, com a introdução da História Natural a apropriação da natureza vai emergir enquanto principal fator de projeção científica e econômica. Ao fornecer informações que beneficiavam a atividade agrícola e o comércio, as descrições possibilitaram o conhecimento de novos produtos e fontes de matéria-prima que serviriam para o desenvolvimento do comércio e da ciência. Tratava-se de conhecer, classificar e dominar o território e suas potencialidades estreitando os laços entre Portugal e seus domínios.Palavras – chave: Natureza. Maranhão. Século XVIII.

International audience ; The social expectation for more sustainable livestock farming systems is growing. However, multidisciplinary approaches to assess the sustainability of pig farming systems are not sufficiently addressed. Twenty-five farms of local pig breed's production in France (Noir de Bigorre chain – Gascon breed) were evaluated altogether in terms of environmental impacts (EN), economic sustainability (EC) and animal welfare (AW), using multiple factor analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering (HC). The first dimension of MFA (22.7% the total variance) was mainly associated to the EN (r=0.56) and AW (r=0.52), while the second (20.8% of the total variance) was linked to EC (r=0.41). The HC resulted in the identification of four groups: Group 1 comprised farrow-to-finish farms, with a farmer aged between 20-30 years-old, characterized by high EN, high dietary crude protein (CP) of fattening feeds and feed conversion ratio (FCR), low AW, and usually low EC. It could be described as 'sustainability unfavourable', with an overall inefficient management of the farm, when the high FCR could be a result of the high feed waste. Group 2, composed by 75% of feeder-to-finish farms, was characterized by high transferability, high land occupation (LO), and low AW. It could be described as 'AW unfavourable and Transferability favourable'; maybe due to the high LO, animals were raised with lower level of care. Group 3 comprised farrow-to-finish farms managed by a man, and characterized by high EC, high number of sows and low EN per ha. It could be described as 'EC and EN favourable', described by high farm size and good management practices. Group 4, characterized by high AW and low EN, could be described as 'AW and EN favourable', with more attention to AW and lower surface available to pig production. The use of an integrated evaluation highlights different profiles of farmers which are associated with various results in the different themes considered. Based on complementary themes, it provides a broader representation of the sustainability of pig farming systems than the use of one theme. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

The social expectation for more sustainable livestock farming systems is growing. However, multidisciplinary approaches to assess the sustainability of pig farming systems are not sufficiently addressed. Twenty-five farms of local pig breed's production in France (Noir de Bigorre chain – Gascon breed) were evaluated altogether in terms of environmental impacts (EN), economic sustainability (EC) and animal welfare (AW), using multiple factor analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering (HC). The first dimension of MFA (22.7% the total variance) was mainly associated to the EN (r=0.56) and AW (r=0.52), while the second (20.8% of the total variance) was linked to EC (r=0.41). The HC resulted in the identification of four groups: Group 1 comprised farrow-to-finish farms, with a farmer aged between 20-30 years-old, characterized by high EN, high dietary crude protein (CP) of fattening feeds and feed conversion ratio (FCR), low AW, and usually low EC. It could be described as 'sustainability unfavourable', with an overall inefficient management of the farm, when the high FCR could be a result of the high feed waste. Group 2, composed by 75% of feeder-to-finish farms, was characterized by high transferability, high land occupation (LO), and low AW. It could be described as 'AW unfavourable and Transferability favourable'; maybe due to the high LO, animals were raised with lower level of care. Group 3 comprised farrow-to-finish farms managed by a man, and characterized by high EC, high number of sows and low EN per ha. It could be described as 'EC and EN favourable', described by high farm size and good management practices. Group 4, characterized by high AW and low EN, could be described as 'AW and EN favourable', with more attention to AW and lower surface available to pig production. The use of an integrated evaluation highlights different profiles of farmers which are associated with various results in the different themes considered. Based on complementary themes, it provides a broader representation of the sustainability of pig farming systems than the use of one theme. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

International audience ; Traditional pig productions systems, relying mainly on local pig breeds and outdoor rearing, have been poorly investigated so far in terms of environmental impacts. The few existing studies did not account for possible sequestration of carbon and emissions consecutive to grazing. Twenty-five farms of Gascon breed in France (FR), 8 with Mora Romagnola breed in Italy (IT), and 15 of Krškopolje breed in Slovenia (SI) were evaluated while accounting for the emissions from pasture intake and the potential for carbon sequestration. Pig production system in SI presented the lowest impacts per kg of live weight, due to better feed conversion ratio caused by indoor production and due to lower impacts of feeds – most diets were based on grains, vegetables, tubers and roots produced on farm. Among the systems, acidification potential (AP) was 13% higher in IT than the average for FR and SI, due to higher dietary crude protein content (+9% than the average), while the eutrophication potential (EP) was 27% higher in FR system than the average, as a result of higher phosphorus content of feeds (+28% than the average). When the potential of carbon sequestration was taken into account, the GWP impact was reduced 4% on average. Conversely, when accounting for the emissions from pasture intake the GWP was increased by 2%, mainly when a high digestible grass was considered. The use of high digestible grass provided lower AP and EP impacts than low digestible grass. The large variability between farms in terms of environmental impacts suggests that the margins for improvement of local breeds' production rely on improvement of feed composition and supply, and origin of feed ingredients. There is a great need for better estimation of digestibility of grasses and of carbon sequestration, in order to reduce the uncertainties associated with the environmental impacts evaluated of outdoor pigs' systems. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

International audience ; Traditional pig productions systems, relying mainly on local pig breeds and outdoor rearing, have been poorly investigated so far in terms of environmental impacts. The few existing studies did not account for possible sequestration of carbon and emissions consecutive to grazing. Twenty-five farms of Gascon breed in France (FR), 8 with Mora Romagnola breed in Italy (IT), and 15 of Krškopolje breed in Slovenia (SI) were evaluated while accounting for the emissions from pasture intake and the potential for carbon sequestration. Pig production system in SI presented the lowest impacts per kg of live weight, due to better feed conversion ratio caused by indoor production and due to lower impacts of feeds – most diets were based on grains, vegetables, tubers and roots produced on farm. Among the systems, acidification potential (AP) was 13% higher in IT than the average for FR and SI, due to higher dietary crude protein content (+9% than the average), while the eutrophication potential (EP) was 27% higher in FR system than the average, as a result of higher phosphorus content of feeds (+28% than the average). When the potential of carbon sequestration was taken into account, the GWP impact was reduced 4% on average. Conversely, when accounting for the emissions from pasture intake the GWP was increased by 2%, mainly when a high digestible grass was considered. The use of high digestible grass provided lower AP and EP impacts than low digestible grass. The large variability between farms in terms of environmental impacts suggests that the margins for improvement of local breeds' production rely on improvement of feed composition and supply, and origin of feed ingredients. There is a great need for better estimation of digestibility of grasses and of carbon sequestration, in order to reduce the uncertainties associated with the environmental impacts evaluated of outdoor pigs' systems. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).

Traditional pig productions systems, relying mainly on local pig breeds and outdoor rearing, have been poorly investigated so far in terms of environmental impacts. The few existing studies did not account for possible sequestration of carbon and emissions consecutive to grazing. Twenty-five farms of Gascon breed in France (FR), 8 with Mora Romagnola breed in Italy (IT), and 15 of Krškopolje breed in Slovenia (SI) were evaluated while accounting for the emissions from pasture intake and the potential for carbon sequestration. Pig production system in SI presented the lowest impacts per kg of live weight, due to better feed conversion ratio caused by indoor production and due to lower impacts of feeds – most diets were based on grains, vegetables, tubers and roots produced on farm. Among the systems, acidification potential (AP) was 13% higher in IT than the average for FR and SI, due to higher dietary crude protein content (+9% than the average), while the eutrophication potential (EP) was 27% higher in FR system than the average, as a result of higher phosphorus content of feeds (+28% than the average). When the potential of carbon sequestration was taken into account, the GWP impact was reduced 4% on average. Conversely, when accounting for the emissions from pasture intake the GWP was increased by 2%, mainly when a high digestible grass was considered. The use of high digestible grass provided lower AP and EP impacts than low digestible grass. The large variability between farms in terms of environmental impacts suggests that the margins for improvement of local breeds' production rely on improvement of feed composition and supply, and origin of feed ingredients. There is a great need for better estimation of digestibility of grasses and of carbon sequestration, in order to reduce the uncertainties associated with the environmental impacts evaluated of outdoor pigs' systems. Funded by European Union's H2020 RIA program (grant agreement no. 634476).