Suchergebnisse

El artículo constituye una propuesta para definir con claridad el significado de gobernabilidad. Para ello, se propone considerarla como una categoría conceptual para el análisis político incorporando elementos tanto del régimen político como del de políticas públicas. La propuesta relaciona y diferencia la definición de gobernabilidad con conceptos como estabilidad, orden, crisis, gobernanza y buen gobierno.

Este artículo parte del reconocimiento de la amenaza que implica el crimen organizado para un régimen democrático y analiza la política que, para combatirlo, se ha adoptado en México durante la gestión del presidente Felipe Calderón. Asimismo, se cuestiona si el gobierno considera este asunto como de seguridad pública o de seguridad nacional. El hallazgo principal revela que el objetivo del gobierno federal no es combatir el crimen organizado sino la violencia que éste genera, y que para ello ha implementado una política basada principalmente en el uso de la fuerza pública, factor que no facilita la colaboración inter e intragubernamental por los conflictos que surgen cuando se articulan las políticas de seguridad pública con las de seguridad nacional.Abstract This paper is based on the assumption that the organized crime is a menace for democracy. The article develops an analysis on the fight against organized crime's policy design in the Felipe Calderon's government, questioning if the policy is managed as a police's issue or a national security's issue. The main finding is the identification of the Mexican's government objective in the "war against organized crime" switching the focus from organized crime to the violence created by criminal organizations. To fight violence the government implements a policy based on the use of public force that doesn't consider the cooperation between different governmental agencies.

Presentamos un análisis de la gobernanza del agua en el único Distrito de Riego existente en el país a partir de la aplicación del marco analítico desarrollado por Marc Hufty, denominado Marco Analítico de la Gobernanza; en donde se parte del reconocimiento de cinco unidades analíticas: problema, actores, puntos nodales, normas y procesos. Este modelo analítico, que responde a la corriente de análisis multinivel relacionada directamente con la gobernanza en territorios, permite evidenciar cómo en esa unidad hidro-territorial, donde se da servicio de riego a 30 mil hectáreas, se aglutinan los elementos clave para aplicar un modelo de análisis de las dinámicas sociales, culturales, políticas, económicas y ambientales que se desarrollan a partir de un recurso de uso común como lo es el agua. El agua en la zona del DRAT transformó de manera radical los usos del suelo, la cultura de producción en secano, la dinámica económica, el paisaje, entre otras cosas; sin embargo en términos de gobernanza persiste un modelo de operación paternalista con incipientes iniciativas por integrar otros actores en la gestión del DRAT. A pesar de que es posible reconocer la existencia de arreglos institucionales que ofrecen un gran potencial para coordinar la operación del Distrito con la sociedad civil, empresa privada y otras instituciones, finalmente los mismos solo han funcionado en condiciones de emergencias; es el caso de cuando algún evento climático extremo ha dañado la infraestructura y se ha logrado una alianza con la empresa privada para atender con prontitud el problema. No obstante, existe un modelo de gobernanza que ha funcionado por más de 30 años de operación que tiene el Distrito y que es distinto a las experiencias que se conocen tanto en América Latina como España. ; The paper presents an analysis of water governance in the only existing Irrigation District in the country from the application of the analytical framework developed by Marc Hufty called Analytical Framework and Governance (GAF); where it is based on the recognition of five analytical units: problem, actors, nodal points, standards and processes. This analytical model of governance, which responds to the current multilevel analysis directly related to governance territories, makes evident as in the hydro-territorial unit is the DRAT where service irrigation to 30,000 hectares given, coalesce the key to applying a model of analysis of the social, cultural, political, economic and environmental factors that are developed from a common resource such as water elements. The water in the area DRAT (of the driest and hottest in the country) radically transformed land use, culture production in rainfed economic dynamics, the landscape, among other things; however in terms of governance paternalistic model operation with incipient initiatives to integrate other actors in the management of DRAT persists. Although it is possible to recognize the existence of different institutional arrangements that offer great potential for coordinating the operation of the District with civil society, private enterprise and other institutions finally these have only worked in emergency conditions in the District; is the case when an extreme weather event has damaged the infrastructure and has made an alliance with the private sector to address the problem promptly. However, there is a governance model that has worked for more than 30 years of operation has the District and that is different from the experiences known in Latin America and Spain and is being analyzed in depth in the paper. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Área de Historia del Arte ; Versión del editor

8 páginas, 4 figuras, 4 tablas. ; [Background]: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasia in women. Even though advances in its treatment have improved disease outcome, some patients relapse. Therefore, attempts to better define the molecular determinants that drive breast cancer cell proliferation may help in defining potential therapeutic targets. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play important roles in tumorigenesis. One of them, Erk5, has been linked to the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro. Here we have investigated the expression and prognostic value of Erk5 in human breast cancer. ; [Methodology/Principal Findings]: Animal and cellular models were used to study Erk5 expression and function in breast cancer. In 84 human breast tumours the expression of Erk5 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Active Erk5 (pErk5) was studied by Western blotting. Correlation of Erk5 with clinicopathological parameters and with disease-free survival in early stage breast cancer patients was analyzed. Expression of Erk5 was detected in most patients, and overexpression was found in 20%. Active Erk5 was present in a substantial number of samples, as well as in tumours from an animal breast cancer model. Overexpression of Erk5 was associated with a decrease in disease-free survival time, which was independent of other clinicopathological parameters of prognosis. Transient transfection of a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Erk5, and a stable cell line expressing a dominant negative form of Erk5 (Erk5AEF), were used to investigate the influence of Erk5 on drugs used in the clinic to treat breast tumours. We found that inhibition of Erk5 decreased cancer cell proliferation and also sensitized these cells to the action of anti-HER2 therapies. ; [Conclusions/Significance]: Overexpression of Erk5 is an independent predictor of disease-free survival in breast cancer, and may represent a future therapeutic target. ; This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain (BFU2006-01813/BMC to AP), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI061552), and by the Castilla y Leon Autonomous Government (to AEO). ; Peer reviewed

© 2021 The Author(s). ; Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy that highly depends on the BCR-ABL1/STAT5 signaling pathway for cell survival. First-line treatments for CML consist of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that efficiently target BCR-ABL1 activity. However, drug resistance and intolerance are still therapeutic limitations in Ph+ cells. Therefore, the development of new anti-CML drugs that exhibit alternative mechanisms to overcome these limitations is a desirable goal. In this work, the antitumoral activity of JKST6, a naphthoquinone-pyrone hybrid, was assessed in imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant human CML cells. Live-cell imaging analysis revealed JKST6 potent antiproliferative activity in 2D and 3D CML cultures. JKST6 provoked cell increase in the subG1 phase along with a reduction in the G0/G1 phase and altered the expression of key proteins involved in the control of mitosis and DNA damage. Rapid increases in Annexin V staining and activation/cleavage of caspases 8, 9 and 3 were observed after JKST6 treatment in CML cells. Of interest, JKST6 inhibited BCR-ABL1/STAT5 signaling through oncokinase downregulation that was preceded by rapid polyubiquitination. In addition, JKST6 caused a transient increase in JNK and AKT phosphorylation, whereas the phosphorylation of P38-MAPK and Src was reduced. Combinatory treatment unveiled synergistic effects between imatinib and JKST6. Notably, JKST6 maintained its antitumor efficacy in BCR-ABL1-T315I-positive cells and CML cells that overexpress BCR-ABL and even restored imatinib efficacy after a short exposure time. These findings, together with the observed low toxicity of JKST6, reveal a novel multikinase modulator that might overcome the limitations of BCR-ABL1 inhibitors in CML therapy. ; This research has been funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness - MINECO - (SAF 2015–65113-C2–1-R and RTI2018–094356-B-C21 to AEB, SAF2015–65113-C2–2 to LFP, SAF2017–88026-R to JL) with the co-funding of European Regional Development Fund (EU-ERDF), Canary Islands Government (CEI2018–23/ACIISI to BG, CEI2019–08/ACIISI to BG and LFP, ProID2021010037 to AEB, LFP and BG) and "Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion" Grant Program from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (IJC2018-035193-I to CR). This project has been also supported by Alfredo Martin-Reyes Foundation (Arehucas)-Canary Islands Foundation for Cancer Research (FICIC). HAT is recipient of a predoctoral program grant from ULPGC (2016). JCM was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through a Miguel Servet program (CPII17/00015).

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a hematological malignancy that highly depends on the BCR-ABL1/STAT5 signaling pathway for cell survival. First-line treatments for CML consist of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that efficiently target BCR-ABL1 activity. However, drug resistance and intolerance are still therapeutic limitations in Ph+ cells. Therefore, the development of new anti-CML drugs that exhibit alternative mechanisms to overcome these limitations is a desirable goal. In this work, the antitumoral activity of JKST6, a naphthoquinone-pyrone hybrid, was assessed in imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant human CML cells. Live-cell imaging analysis revealed JKST6 potent antiproliferative activity in 2D and 3D CML cultures. JKST6 provoked cell increase in the subG1 phase along with a reduction in the G0/G1 phase and altered the expression of key proteins involved in the control of mitosis and DNA damage. Rapid increases in Annexin V staining and activation/cleavage of caspases 8, 9 and 3 were observed after JKST6 treatment in CML cells. Of interest, JKST6 inhibited BCR-ABL1/STAT5 signaling through oncokinase downregulation that was preceded by rapid polyubiquitination. In addition, JKST6 caused a transient increase in JNK and AKT phosphorylation, whereas the phosphorylation of P38-MAPK and Src was reduced. Combinatory treatment unveiled synergistic effects between imatinib and JKST6. Notably, JKST6 maintained its antitumor efficacy in BCR-ABL1-T315I-positive cells and CML cells that overexpress BCR-ABL and even restored imatinib efficacy after a short exposure time. These findings, together with the observed low toxicity of JKST6, reveal a novel multikinase modulator that might overcome the limitations of BCR-ABL1 inhibitors in CML therapy. ; This research has been funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness - MINECO - (SAF 2015–65113-C2–1-R and RTI2018–094356-B-C21 to AEB, SAF2015–65113-C2–2 to LFP, SAF2017–88026-R to JL) with the co-funding of European Regional Development Fund (EU-ERDF), Canary Islands Government (CEI2018–23/ACIISI to BG, CEI2019–08/ACIISI to BG and LFP, ProID2021010037 to AEB, LFP and BG) and "Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion" Grant Program from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (IJC2018-035193-I to CR). This project has been also supported by Alfredo Martin-Reyes Foundation (Arehucas)-Canary Islands Foundation for Cancer Research (FICIC). HAT is recipient of a predoctoral program grant from ULPGC (2016). JCM was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through a Miguel Servet program (CPII17/ 00015).

This paper is the result of the work of hundreds of different scientists and research institutions in the Amazon over the past 80 years. Without their hard work this analysis would have been impossible. We thank Charles Zartman for the use of plots from Jutai. HtS, VFG, and RS were supported by grant 407232/2013-3 - PVE - MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq/FAPs; PIP had support for this work from CNPq (productivity grant 310885/2017-5) and FAPESP (research grant #09/53413-5); RAFL was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 795114; CB was supported by grant FAPESP 95/3058-0 - CRS 068/96 WWF Brasil - The Body Shop; DS, JFM, JE, PP and JC benefited from an "Investissement d'Avenir" grant managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-25-01); HLQ/MAP/JLLM received financial supported by MCT/CNPq/CT-INFRA/GEOMA #550373/2010-1 and # 457515/2012-0, and JLLM were supported by grant CAPES/PDSE # 88881.135761/2016-01 and CAPES/Fapespa #1530801; The Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) provided a productivity grant to EMV (Grant 308040/2017-1); Floristic identification in plots in the RAINFOR forest monitoring network have been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grants NE/B503384/1, NE/ D01025X/1, NE/ I02982X/1, NE/F005806/1, NE/D005590/1 and NE/I028122/1) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; BMF is funded by FAPESP grant 2016/25086-3. BSM, BHMJ and OLP were supported by grants CNPq/CAPES/ FAPS/BC-Newton Fund #441244/2016-5 and FAPEMAT/0589267/2016; TWH was funded by National Science Foundation grant DEB-1556338.The 25-ha Long-Term Ecological Research Project of Amacayacu is a collaborative project of the Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, in partnership with the Unidad de Manejo Especial de Parques Naturales Nacionales and the Center for Tropical Forest Science of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (CTFS). The Amacayacu Forest Dynamics Plot is part of the Center for Tropical Forest Science, a global network of large-scale demographic tree plots. We acknowledge the Director and staff of the Amacayacu National Park for supporting and maintaining the project in this National Park. ; Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed