Suchergebnisse

Desde hace décadas, los diferentes gobiernos del Perú se vienen preocupando por superar la situación de desempleo, subempleo e informalidad. Lamentablemente, para lograr este propósito, tanto el Poder Ejecutivo como el Legislativo, insisten en aplicar los mismos criterios, que ya resultan históricos a pesar de que sus resultados son negativos. A todos nos preocupa la existencia del desempleo y subempleo, que no es friccional en nuestro país, sino más bien permanente. Lo mismo debemos decir de la informalidad que cada día es más preocupante y que en el campo laboral se viene incrementando y está cercana al 70% de la clase asalariada.La solución que se ha ensayado, para la creación del empleo y la formalización de las relaciones de trabajo, ha consistido en ofrecer a los empleadores, nuevos modelos laborales en los que se reducen, considerablemente, los dere chos y beneficios de los trabajadores. De esta manera, no solo se precariza, sino que se deshumaniza la actividad laboral, alejándonos del trabajo decente que aspira la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y conseguir una mano de obra barata. El desempleo y subempleo, es un tema de la economía y no de la expedición de dispositivos legales. Son aspectos que se pueden superar mediante el desarrollo económico.Tal comportamiento, ha sucedido al dictarse, por ejemplo, las leyes 27360 de Promoción del Sector Agrario, que establece un régimen laboral diferenciado y con derechos recortados para los trabajadores del sector agrario. Igualmente, ha ocurrido con la Ley 28015 que crea el régimen laboral especial para la microempresa, la misma que fue ampliada mediante Decreto Legislativo 1086 con el cual se agrava aún más la situación de los trabajadores que ingresen a laborar en una micro y pequeña empresa. Finalmente, el actual Gobierno, el 15 de diciembre del año 2014, ha promulgado la Ley 30288 bajo el nombre de "Ley que promueve el acceso de jóvenes al mercado laborar y a la protección social", comprendidos entre los 18 y 24 años de edad, lo que ha dado lugar al descontento, no solo de los jóvenes, sino de una parte de la población. Ante la presión del descontento de la población, el Congreso se ha visto en la necesidad de derogarla.El presente trabajo está dedicado al análisis del empleo, desempleo, subempleo y la informalidad laboral. Analizados estos temas, sugeriremos las soluciones, que nos permita las soluciones pertinentes. ; For decades, the different governments of Peru have been concerned to overcome unemployment, underemployment and informality. Unfortunately, to achieve this purpose, both the executive and the legislature, insist on applying the same criteria as are historical, although their results are negative. We are all concerned about the existence of unemployment and underemployment, which is not temporary in our country, but rather permanent. The same must be said of the informality that is increasingly worrying and in the workplace has been increasing and is close to 70% of the salaried class.The solution that has been tested for the creation of employment and the formalization of relations work, I consisted offer employers new labor models in which, significantly, the rights and benefits of workers are reduced. Thus, not only precarious but work activity is dehumanized, away from the work descent sucking International Labour Organization and gets a cheap labor. Unemployment and underemployment is a matter of the economy and not the issue of legal devices. These are aspects that can be overcome through economic development.The present work is devoted to analysis employment, unemployment, underemployment and informal employment. Discussed these issues, we suggest solutions to resolve these problems.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés ; Análisis histórico de los métodos pedagógicos en la Universidad de Salamanca hasta el siglo XVIII, a la luz del marco legislativo compuesto por constituciones y estatutos. Estos métodos consistían en: la lección, exposición o comentario analítico de un texto para intentar comprender su significado; las disputas o conclusiones, ejercicio de dialéctica que tenían que hacer todos los estudiantes para poderse graduar: la relección o repetición, conferencias solemnes y magistrales que tenían que impartir todos los catedráticos y todos los bachilleres aspirantes al grado de licenciado ; ESP

Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Resumen en inglés ; Análisis histórico de los métodos pedagógicos en la Universidad de Salamanca hasta el siglo XVIII, a la luz del marco legislativo compuesto por constituciones y estatutos. Estos métodos consistían en: la lección, exposición o comentario analítico de un texto para intentar comprender su significado; las disputas o conclusiones, ejercicio de dialéctica que tenían que hacer todos los estudiantes para poderse graduar: la relección o repetición, conferencias solemnes y magistrales que tenían que impartir todos los catedráticos y todos los bachilleres aspirantes al grado de licenciado ; ESP

Aunque la fundación de la Universidad de Salamanca se realiza en 1218, hay que esperar a 1254 para que Alfonso X le otorgue la primera organización académica del Estudio salamantino, al siglo XV para que la Universidad tenga Constituciones (otorgadas por los pontífices Benedicto XIII y Martín V en 1411 y 1422, respectivamente) y a los siglos XVI y XVII para que se complementen con los estatutos (los más importantes fueron los de 1538, 1561, 1594, 1602 y 1618). Finalmente todos estos estatutos se funden en la Recopilación de 1625, los cuales van a perdurar hasta el siglo XVIII. Con todo este marco legislativo podemos comprobar que los métodos pedagógicos que se usaban en la Universidad de Salamanca en las Edades Media y Moderna eran la lección, las disputas o conclusiones y la relección o repetición. La lección o lectura era la exposición o comentario analítico de un texto para intentar comprender su significado. Estas podían ser ordinarias y extraordinarias. Las disputas o conclusiones eran un ejercicio de dialéctica que tenían que hacer todos los estudiantes para poderse graduar. Y las relecciones o repeticiones eran conferencias solemnes y magistrales que tenían que impartir todos los catedráticos y todos los bachilleres aspirantes al grado de licenciado a toda la universidad sobre algún tema interesante y de actualidad de su facultad correspondiente. ; Although University of Salamanca was founded in 1218 it was not until 1254 when Alfonso X granted the First Academical Organization of "Estudios Salamantinos", on XV Century it get Constitutions (granted by popes Benedicto XIII and Martín V in 1411 and 1422, respectivily) and on XVI and XVII centuries it completes the statutes. Those statutes were compiled on "Recopilación de 1625" and were used until XVIII century. With all that legislative framework we can prove that teaching methodologies for middle and modern ages at University of Salamanca were: Lectures, discussions, conclusions and repetition. Lectures as well known as Lessons were the exposition or analytical comments on a book text trying to understand its meaning, those could be ordinary or extraordinaries. Disputes or Conclusions were Dialectic excercise done by all the students in order to graduate and Repetitions were solemn conferences and lectures given by professors and graduates who were aspiring to get the bachelor´s degree about an interesting issue or topic of actuality of each faculty to the whole university people.

The behavior and spatial distribution of crime events can be explained through the characterization of an area in terms of its demography, socioeconomy, and built environment. In particular, recent studies on the incidence of crime in a city have focused on the identification of features of the built environment (specific places or facilities) that may increase crime risk within a certain radius. However, it is hard to identify environmental characteristics that consistently explain crime occurrence across cities and crime types. This article focuses on the assessment of the effect that certain types of places have on the incidence of property crime, robbery, and vandalism in three cities of the Valencian region (Spain): Alicante, Castellon, and Valencia. A nonlinear effects model is used to identify such places and to construct a risk map over the three cities considering the three crime types under research. The results obtained suggest that there are remarkable differences across cities and crime types in terms of the types of places associated with crime outcomes. The identification of high‐risk areas allows verifying that crime is highly concentrated, and also that there is a high level of spatial overlap between the high‐risk areas corresponding to different crime types.

Social media is one of the most disruptive technologies in executing a firm's digital business transformation strategies. Does the firm's ability to use social media affect its proficiency in exploring and exploiting knowledge? What should be the role of business analytics talent in this equation? We study theoretically and empirically these cutting-edge research questions. Our proposed research model argues that social media capability enables the development of knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation, and business analytics talent exerts a positive reinforcing role in the impact of social media on knowledge exploration. We empirically tested the proposed research model with a secondary dataset from a sample of US firms using PLS path modeling. After running a robustness test by estimating eight alternatives/competing models, the empirical analysis revealed that social media capability is positively related to knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation, but with a stronger effect on knowledge exploration. Moreover, business analytics talent plays a positive moderator role in the relationship between social media capability and knowledge exploration. This study contributes to the IS research by (1) introducing, developing, and operationalizing the concepts of social media capability and business analytics talent; and (2) theoretically arguing and empirically showing the pivotal role of social media capability in exploring new knowledge and the complementary role of business analytics talent. Our study also provides several critical lessons learned for top executives and proposes promising future IS research avenues. ; European Regional Development Fund (European Union) ; Spanish Government ECO201784138-P FPU14/01930 FPU13/01643 ; Junta de Andalucia A-SEJ-154-UGR18 ; Endowed Chair of Digital Business Transformation at Rennes School of Business ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia P5-0410

This article contributes to research on transactive memory systems (TMSs) by analyzing the relationship between trust, collective mind (CM), and network ties (NT) as antecedents of performance in innovative university research (IUR), and the mediating role of the TMS in these relationships. The conceptual model grounded in seven hypotheses is tested through structural equations modeling. The data analyzed are drawn from 257 directors Spanish university research groups. The results show that TRUST, CM, and NT are positively related to the TMS and that the TMS is positively related to IUR. The most striking result is that the TMS mediates the relationships of TRUST, CM, and NT to IUR, becoming a necessary condition for TRUST, CM, and NT to improve IUR. These results support the conclusion that managers of university research groups should promote the development of TMSs to stimulate IUR in order to make these groups more competitive. ; This study was financed by projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ECO2013-47027-P) and the Ministry of Science and Innovation (ECO2010-15885). It was also funded by a project for Excellence from the Council for Economics, Innovation, and Science of the Andalusian Regional Government (P11-SEJ-7294) and by the European Regional Development Fund.

Education inspectors carry out mediation actions in educational centers on a regular basis, this being a highly valued task by all sectors of the educational community. This work makes an approximation to the Alternative Dispute Resolution, later focusing on the regulatory support that each autonomous legislator gives for the exercise of this attribution. A comparative analysis of the regulations of the seventeen Autonomous Communities and the Autonomous Cities of Ceuta and Melilla has been carried out, reaching the conclusion that the regulatory protection is disparate, with a group of Communities that regulate and explain these actions and another group that directly ignore them. ; Los inspectores e inspectoras de educación realizan actuaciones de mediación en los centros educativos de forma habitual, siendo esta una labor muy valorada por todos los sectores de la comunidad educativa. Este trabajo supone una aproximación a los métodos alternativos de resolución de conflictos, centrándose posteriormente en el amparo normativo que cada legislador autonómico otorga para el ejercicio de esta atribución. Se ha realizado un análisis comparativo de la normativa de las diecisiete Comunidades Autónomas y de las Ciudades Autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla, llegando a la conclusión de que el amparo normativo es dispar, existiendo un grupo de Comunidades que regulan y explicitan estas actuaciones y otro grupo que directamente las obvian.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain how a buying organization's desorptive capacity relative to its supply network enhances the organization's supply chain competence. The research also analyzes the contingent role of the balanced and combined dimensions of ambidexterity in this relationship.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical results are obtained through analysis of survey data from a sample of 270 European firms. Hierarchical regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results confirm, first, the positive and significant relationship between the buying organization's desorptive capacity and supply chain competence; and, second, the key moderating role of organizational ambidexterity, especially in its combined dimension, in this relationship.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that desorptive capacity is key to the organization's contribution to supply chain competitiveness. The authors also provide practitioners with better understanding of the extent to which they should attempt to balance exploration and exploitation or/and to maximize both simultaneously when seeking greater benefit from desorptive capacity.Originality/valueThis study extends desorptive capacity research to supply chain management. It responds to calls in the desorptive capacity literature for deeper understanding of the benefits of desorptive capacity and of the role organizational ambidexterity plays in the success of desorptive capacity. By analyzing the independent effects of the combined and balanced dimensions of ambidexterity, the authors advance conceptual and operational understanding of the role of ambidexterity needed in the literature.

PurposeThis study aims to use expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) to investigate how an organization's satisfaction with its supply network's behavior influences its intention to open innovation with that network. This paper proposes that an organization's orientation to open innovation is influenced by confirmation of previously held expectations of trust and commitment and level of perceived procedural justice in its open innovation partner. This paper also examines the effect of this orientation on the organization's supply chain competence.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a survey of 286 European firms, the study proposes and evaluates a structural equation model.FindingsThe results show that a positive disconfirmation of trust (where perceived trust exceeds expectations) plays a crucial role in shaping organizations' intentions to continue open innovation with their supply networks. These results show that disconfirmation is a good predictor of overall satisfaction with open innovation. This paper also confirms the positive effect of orientation to open innovation on supply chain competence. Finally, this paper obtained evidence for the positive effect of supply chain competence on firm performance.Originality/valueThis study shows the importance of managing expectations in open innovation under the EDT. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous research has analyzed the consistency between the trust and commitment an organization expects from its open innovation partner and the trust and commitment it ultimately perceives as a factor explaining its degree of orientation to open innovation. Therefore, this research contributes to a better understanding of open innovation enablers and also its consequences.

Purpose
This paper aims to explain how small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) create information technology (IT) business value through blended IT outsourcing (ITO). The explanatory framework it proposes enables SMEs to replicate IT capability outcomes (i.e. enhance their economic, strategic and technological competences, namely, ITO success) by endorsing an ITO strategy catalyzed by IT vendor integration.


Design/methodology/approach
This study uses covariance-based structural equation modeling to test the proposed research model. Data are collected from 251 knowledge-intensive business SMEs located in Science and Technology Parks in Spain.


Findings
The results demonstrate empirically that SMEs can replicate IT capability benefits (i.e. enhance their non-IT competences) through blended ITO in which IT, conceptualized as a transversal supporting activity, is outsourced to an IT vendor while the value creation process remains with the buyer. The integration (i.e. process integration and information sharing) of an IT-proficient vendor catalyzes ITO success. More specifically, the results show that, although process integration is not directly related to competence enhancement, fosters information sharing, which directly facilitates ITO success. The results also show that IT vendor proficiency accounts for ex ante trust.


Practical implications
Managers should think of transformational ITO as a strategy to enhance firm competences. For blended ITO strategies to succeed, managers must have a comprehensive understanding of the business they run, as it is important to create conditions that foster inter-firm information sharing. To achieve these conditions, managers should take special care in selecting boundary spanners, who are the pivotal links in competence enhancement.


Originality/value
While most research focuses on ongoing trust (i.e. trust develops as ITO evolves), this study focuses on initial (i.e. ex ante) trust and analyzes IT vendor proficiency (expert, experienced and reputed) to examine trust as an antecedent of ITO. This study also draws on previous conceptualizations of vendor integration to develop and analyze a two-step integration model to explain how IT vendor integration (i.e. process integration and information sharing) catalyzes enhancement of the buyer's non-IT competences. This study focuses on SMEs, which are often neglected in ITO studies.