Suchergebnisse

In this paper we analyzed how two Colombian universities, one public and one private, responded to government policy reforms related to research and teaching. This study was based on a multiple case study design including interviews with Deans, focus groups with students and faculty, and relevant institutional documents for each of the two institutions. Using the theoretical framework of academic capitalism, we found an overvaluation of research activities, tensions in these institutions to maintain their traditional roles based on the idea of educating citizens, and an adaptation to the idea of becoming a contemporary university base on a market logic. Finally, we also found the lack of a link between research, teaching, and the local social environment. ; En este artículo analizamos cómo dos universidades colombianas, una pública y una privada, responden a reformas en las políticas públicas relacionadas con el desarrollo de la investigación y la docencia. El estudio lo realizamos por medio de un diseño cualitativo de caso de estudio múltiple que incluyó entrevistas a los rectores, grupos focales con profesores y estudiantes, y revisión documental para cada una de las dos universidades. Desde la perspectiva del capitalismo académico, encontramos una sobrevaloración de la función de investigación, tensiones dentro de las universidades por conservar la idea de universidad tradicional orientada a la formación de ciudadanos, y una adaptación a la idea de convertirse en universidad contemporánea basada en la lógica del mercado. Finalmente, también encontramos una falta de vínculo de la función de investigación con la docencia y el entorno social local. ; Neste artigo analisamos como duas universidades colombianas, uma pública e uma privada, respondem à reformas nas políticas públicas relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de pesquisa e docência. Fizemos essa pesquisa através de um método qualitativo de estudo de caso que incluiu reitores, grupos focais com professores e estudantes, e uma revisão documental em cada uma das universidades. Partindo da perspectiva do capitalismo acadêmico, encontramos uma supervalorização da função de pesquisa, tensões dentro das universidades para conservar a ideia de universidade tradicional orientada a formação de cidadãos, e uma adaptação à idéia de se tornar uma universidade contemporânea baseada na lógica do mercado. Finalmente, também encontramos uma falta de vínculo da função de pesquisa com a docência e o entorno social local.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributing Authors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Community Capacity and Resilience in Latin America through the Community Capitals Lens -- 2 Promoting Development and Conservation Practice in Latin America and the Caribbean through the CATIE Master's Program -- 3 Building Local Strategies for the Adaptation to Climate Change of Farming Livelihoods: Review of a Participatory Approach Applied in Mesoamerica -- 4 Bioculturality and Transdisciplinarity: Two Paths for Reaching Sustainability Through Community Capacity Building in Mexico -- 5 Bonds of Faith for Community Change: New Actors in Rural Community Development in El Salvador -- 6 Evaluation on a Shoestring: One International Development Organization's Experience Measuring Impact in Central America -- 7 Using Community Capitals to Adapt to Environmental Challenges in Rural Uruguay -- 8 Using the Community Capital Framework to Understand the Potential for Inclusive Innovation: Three Case Studies of an Energy Project in Peru -- 9 Youth Development in Northern Nicaragua: An Empowerment Perspective -- 10 Reflection on Building Sustainable Resilience Solutions to Achieve SDG 2 in Colombia -- Index.

There is a link between agricultural systems (crops of basic grains, livestock, agroforestry systems for coffee and cocoa) and poor populations in rural areas. These land uses not only provide food, but also other ecosystem services (SE). In turn, each of these farming systems impacts the communities differently and the benefits they provide are perceived differently, for both men and women.In Nicaragua, agricultural production in rural and poor areas is poorly technified and is closely linked to the benefits offered by nature. The main objective of the study was to determine the importance of land uses in the provision of different ecosystem services with a gender focus. We studied nine farming communities in three municipalities in the center and north of Nica-ragua: El Tuma-La Dalia, Waslala and Siuna. We conducted 58 semi-structured interviews and 13 open interviews with key informants in order to determine access to the SEs. We also conducted two focus groups per community, one for men and one for women, using partici-patory mappings and the pebble distribution method, in total 41 men and 53 women attended. Our study finds that the use of forest land is one of the largest providers for SE communities; however, it is perceived as one of the least contributes to the family's economy. We also find that the land uses that provide the most benefits for women are the urban center and the crops of basic grains, while for men it is the agroforestry system.

To promote the development of livelihood strategies in order to overcome poverty while natural resources are preserved in rural communities, it is important to use a planning methodology considering existing as-sets. An experience in Zambrana Abajo showed how people became engaged with the natural capital to fa-ce and overcome poverty.

Since the 80's, many environmentalist discourses were elaborated at the international level, either in the form of technical topics or in the form of vaster concepts like "sustainable development". Studying the applications and effects at the local level of these topics and concepts makes it possible to anticipate, design and apply the recent concept of Climate -Smart Agriculture. In this poster, we aim firstly to put in perspective the CSA concept with standard technical topics (soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution) and concepts (sustainable agriculture) and secondly to identify the precautions to be taken so that the CSA concept gives concrete results at a local scale. We wonder which conditions are necessary so that a concept has effects on farmers' practices. Costa Rica is a country where the State promotes environmental protection following the influence of international concepts; CSA is already present in some leader institutions (such as FAO and CATIE). The country, as many countries in Central America, is affected by extreme climatic conditions associated with global change. We conducted this research in one of Costa Rica's top coffee-producing areas (Los Santos within the Tarrazu area). We interviewed 112 farmers, 24 members of local institutions and used participant observation to have a greater understanding of the social processes that lead to changes of agricultural practices. The findings illustrate that: (i) local actors formulate their environmentalist discourses according to other objectives (ii) farmers put in practice environmentalist discourses when they are convergent (iii) divergence of discourses opens the door to farmers' idiosyncrasy and induces instrumentalization, that is greenwashing. Experience highlights the necessity to approach the Climate Smart Agriculture concept in a convergent manner in order to avoid instrumentalization and inefficiency on the field and to enable conditions for an agriculture ready to face climate change and to meet development goals. (Texte intégral)

The Mesoamerican Agroenvironmental Program (MAP-Norway) is a multi-dimensional rural development program implemented in Central America since 2009, working with smallholder families, producer organizations, governmental organizations, and regional governance platforms. To monitor, assess, and evaluate the effects of the program on its beneficiaries, MAP-Norway uses a series of indicators that allow project managers and donors to adapt and follow-up on the interventions. Because gender is a cross-cutting theme in the program, gender indicators are used at all levels: families, producer organizations, and governmental organizations and governance platforms. In this document, we use the experience of MAP-Norway to critically assess these indicators, considering their potential usability in the monitoring and evaluation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) initiatives. Furthermore, we propose a series of other indicators that capture various dimensions of gender relations. These indicators can be used to assess the effect of CSA practices, services, and technologies on equity in decision-making, women's empowerment (including economic empowerment), intra-household food security, and equity in ownership over productive resources, among others, thus providing evidence that can help better design and target CSA interventions. ; Peer Review

Abstract TheMesoamerican Agroenvironmental Program (MAP-Norway) is a multi-dimensional rural development program implemented in Central America since 2009, working with smallholder families, producer organizations, governmental organizations, and regional governance platforms. To monitor, assess, and evaluate the effects of the program on its beneficiaries, MAP-Norway uses a series of indicators that allow project managers and donors to adapt and follow-up on the interventions. Because gender is a cross-cutting theme in the program, gender indicators are used at all levels: families, producer organizations, and governmental organizations and governance platforms. In this document, we use the experience of MAP-Norway to critically assess these indicators, considering their potential usability in the monitoring and evaluation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) initiatives. Furthermore, we propose a series of other indicators that capture various dimensions of gender relations. These indicators can be used to assess the effect of CSA practices, services, and technologies on equity in decision-making, women's empowerment (including economic empowerment), intra-household food security, and equity in ownership over productive resources, among others, thus providing evidence that can help better design and target CSA interventions.

Research on sociology of adoption and diffusion seems to highlight the separation between agricultural and natural resources research efforts, and its relevance and application (so called adoption) by local producers. Trying to address these issues and in order to bridge the gap, we propose the use of the community capitals framework (CCF) within agro ecological research efforts as a twofold to: by the one hand include, analyze, and process socioeconomic data (within the context of an agro ecological research); and by the other hand to open spaces where producers (key stakeholders) can be part of a participatory research process and based on evidence and a deep and systematic contextual analysis, start the adaptation of SPS. Results from Rivas? Nicaragua, highlight the fact that producers have local knowledge (cultural capital) to identify functions and ecosystem services from trees within the pastures: i. e., timber and wood production; feed resources and shade for livestock; soil, water and biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and others. This local knowledge (cultural capital) combined with relationships with neighbors', family and friends (social capital) are a starting point to promote the development of multi?functional silvopastoral systems (SPS) toward the improvement of productivity of livestock farms. FUNCITREE participatory research experiences along with our experience in the Mesoamerican Agroenvironmental Program (MAP) with farmer field schools (FFS), have shown a key role of these efforts of capacity building (human capital) toward the generation of a learning environment in which participants can learn, share and apply more and better knowledge and skills to improve their farms. Knowledge sharing or wisdom dialogue (cultural capital) within FFS, allow participants to build and strengthen relationships (social capital) and conserve the ecosystem services (natural capital) through the use of innovative sustainable land use practices, such as SPS. Additionally, the process seeks to empower participants to increasingly take part in local and national decision making structures (political capital). Finally, there is also an enhancement of the productive infrastructure (physical capital) and an increase of income and/or savings (financial capital) coming from the improvement of the productivity. (Texte intégral)

This research, conducted in four communities in rural Costa Rica, investigates 1) how rural development has been defined and implemented by the current and past leaders of community development associations and 2) examines the synergies and contradictions between their experiences and major national policies and efforts to shape rural development in Costa Rica. In participatory workshops, community development practitioners documented their shared history and future visions, and engaged in dialogue about challenges and strategies for achieving past and future community goals. These workshops were videotaped and analyzed for major themes, symbolic interactions and to evaluate the workshop process. The four study communities are located in two geographic regions-the Central and Huetar Norte regions, which represent variations in ecological, historical, political and socio-economic contexts. A comparative analysis provides insight into the regional and contextual differences in the implementation of rural development approaches and questions assumptions of recent trends in rural development theory. Discrepancies among communities and inequities within communities are discussed with a particular focus on natural resource management issues, specifically water governance and land use. This research contributes to rural development theory debates, seeks to give voice to development practitioners and identifies the key components and challenges in the community level implementation of rural development policies in Costa Rica.

Costa Rica is supporting Marine Areas of Responsible Fishing (AMPRs) to enable small-scale fishing communities to apply for exclusive harvesting and management rights within spatially delimited areas under a co-management policy framework. Communities need to self-organize their own fishing association and develop a fishing management plan (POP) to apply. Seven AMPRs have been established in the Gulf of Nicoya, but many face collective action challenges to develop and achieve common goals and implementation. In this article, we conduct a qualitative comparative analysis by applying the Social-Ecological System Framework (SESF) as a tool to identify the social and ecological conditions influencing collective action and co-management in three AMPRs in the Gulf of Nicoya, and we compare the similarities and differences between them Our results show that all three AMPRs face collective action challenges for different reasons. Nonetheless, some commonalities exist. Common drivers motivating collective action include the desire to restrict certain types of fishing gears due to perceptions of resource scarcity and high dependence on local resources. Monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms, the presence of effective leadership and the economic heterogeneity of actors all positively influence collective action in two cases. However, in all three cases, there are more variables hindering collective action such as mistrust among actors, internal conflicts, non-rule compliance, lack of governmental support and resource unit mobility. Our findings suggest that AMPRs are a promising and potentially effective governance strategy because they can empower marginalized small-scale fishing communities and bring them into national development processes. However, there is an evident need for more state and local community investment into capacity building for self-organization and deliberation processes that can better enable the development of mutually accepted goals and implementation tools such as communication and enforcement strategies. Maintaining the perceptions among local communities that AMPRs are an acceptable and legitimate form of governance is a key challenge for continued collective action and achieving associated conservation goals. This research shows that adapting governance institutions to fit the social-ecological context of each AMPR is critical for success, despite the perceived similarity between the AMPRs.

Costa Rica is supporting Marine Areas of Responsible Fishing (AMPRs) to enable small-scale fishing communities to apply for exclusive harvesting and management rights within spatially delimited areas under a co-management policy framework. Communities need to self-organize their own fishing association and develop a fishing management plan (POP) to apply. Seven AMPRs have been established in the Gulf of Nicoya, but many face collective action challenges to develop and achieve common goals and implementation. In this article, we conduct a qualitative comparative analysis by applying the Social-Ecological System Framework (SESF) as a tool to identify the social and ecological conditions influencing collective action and co-management in three AMPRs in the Gulf of Nicoya, and we compare the similarities and differences between them Our results show that all three AMPRs face collective action challenges for different reasons. Nonetheless, some commonalities exist. Common drivers motivating collective action include the desire to restrict certain types of fishing gears due to perceptions of resource scarcity and high dependence on local resources. Monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms, the presence of effective leadership and the economic heterogeneity of actors all positively influence collective action in two cases. However, in all three cases, there are more variables hindering collective action such as mistrust among actors, internal conflicts, non-rule compliance, lack of governmental support and resource unit mobility. Our findings suggest that AMPRs are a promising and potentially effective governance strategy because they can empower marginalized small-scale fishing communities and bring them into national development processes. However, there is an evident need for more state and local community investment into capacity building for self-organization and deliberation processes that can better enable the development of mutually accepted goals and implementation tools such as communication and enforcement strategies. Maintaining the perceptions among local communities that AMPRs are an acceptable and legitimate form of governance is a key challenge for continued collective action and achieving associated conservation goals. This research shows that adapting governance institutions to fit the social-ecological context of each AMPR is critical for success, despite the perceived similarity between the AMPRs.

El presente documento surge como parte de los resultados del Proyecto Innovaciones Multisectoriales para Cadenas de Valor de Hortalizas Especiales ejecutado por el CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza) dentro del marco del Programa Agroambiental Mesoamericano (MAP) en la región del Trifinio (Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador). El proyecto ha consolidado acciones con enfoque de equidad de género en diferentes niveles (familias, organizaciones y plataformas institucionales) con el propósito de promover la participación e inserción de hombres y mujeres en condiciones de igualdad y equidad en todas las fases de implementación. La participación de las mujeres en espacios económicos como mercados y cadenas de valor son centrales en la estrategia de trabajo del proyecto. El análisis de género en las cadenas de valor en cultivos de hortalizas ha permitido al proyecto identificar los eslabones donde las mujeres participan y los aspectos que deben mejorarse para promover la incorporación de las mujeres en condiciones de equidad. Este documento tiene como propósito aportar elementos de análisis de género en las cadenas de valor para identificar potencialidades y limitaciones de las mujeres dentro de las cadenas, la relación con la autonomía económica y el impacto en la mejora de sus capacidades para generar recursos propios, controlar activos y propiciar la plena participación en las decisiones que afectan sus vidas y entorno. Está dirigido a personas que toman decisiones en instituciones públicas y privadas responsables del diseño de políticas, programas y proyectos de fomento económico a las cadenas de valor y de micro y pequeña empresa. El documento presenta un breve marco analítico sobre las brechas de género que afectan a las mujeres en el ámbito rural, seguidamente se hace un análisis de género en las cadenas de valor y, por último, plantea recomendaciones de políticas en materia de género y cadenas de valor. ; CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza) ; Real Embajada de Noruega

El presente documento surge como parte de los resultados del Proyecto Innovaciones Multisectoriales para Cadenas de Valor de Hortalizas Especiales ejecutado por el CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza) dentro del marco del Programa Agroambiental Mesoamericano (MAP) en la región del Trifinio (Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador). El proyecto ha consolidado acciones con enfoque de equidad de género en diferentes niveles (familias, organizaciones y plataformas institucionales) con el propósito de promover la participación e inserción de hombres y mujeres en condiciones de igualdad y equidad en todas las fases de implementación. La participación de las mujeres en espacios económicos como mercados y cadenas de valor son centrales en la estrategia de trabajo del proyecto. El análisis de género en las cadenas de valor en cultivos de hortalizas ha permitido al proyecto identificar los eslabones donde las mujeres participan y los aspectos que deben mejorarse para promover la incorporación de las mujeres en condiciones de equidad. Este documento tiene como propósito aportar elementos de análisis de género en las cadenas de valor para identificar potencialidades y limitaciones de las mujeres dentro de las cadenas, la relación con la autonomía económica y el impacto en la mejora de sus capacidades para generar recursos propios, controlar activos y propiciar la plena participación en las decisiones que afectan sus vidas y entorno. Está dirigido a personas que toman decisiones en instituciones públicas y privadas responsables del diseño de políticas, programas y proyectos de fomento económico a las cadenas de valor y de micro y pequeña empresa. El documento presenta un breve marco analítico sobre las brechas de género que afectan a las mujeres en el ámbito rural, seguidamente se hace un análisis de género en las cadenas de valor y, por último, plantea recomendaciones de políticas en materia de género y cadenas de valor. ; CATIE (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza) ; Real Embajada ...

En esta investigación se analizaron las causas sociales, ambientales y económicas que inciden en la pérdida de agrobiodiversidad de las chagras del pueblo indígena Inga en la Amazonía colombiana. Se usó una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y asambleas para validación de información. Los resultados muestran que la pérdida de la agrobiodiversidad se debe principalmente a cambios en los paradigmas de consumo y relación con el territorio; así mismo, al auge de los cultivos de coca (Erythroxylum coca) en la región, la economía cocalera y las fumigaciones aéreas con glifosato para su erradicación; a los cambios en la transmisión de los conocimientos tradicionales, proyectos externos que no tuvieron en cuenta las condiciones culturales de los resguardos; a los procesos de migración y a las pocas posibilidades de comercio de los productos de la chagra.