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Westerners tend to think of Islam as a "political religion," or at least as a religion which has an important political component. We speak too about "Islamic history" and "Islamic civilization" and we know that what we are referring to is not purely ecclesiastical or purely religious. Perhaps at the basis of this way of thinking and speaking is the fact that Muhammad was not only a prophet but also a statesman and political leader, and that his influence gave birth to a social entity which is both religious community and body politic.Nonetheless, it is not altogether correct to think of Islam as a political religion.

Over a hundred million people in the world call themselves Arabs. That is, to say the least, a potential force in world politics, quite apart from the question of oil. Yet many observers are inclined to doubt whether there is any reality underlying the common use of the term Arab, And it is indeed not easy to define what is meant by an Arab.The Arabs are not a distinct ethnic group, since there are both white Arabs and black Arabs. Some of the black Sudanese Arabs claim descent in the male line from Arabs of Mohammed's time, and may well be correct in their claim. Nor is language a sufficient criterion of Arabness, since there are many Arabic-speaking Jews who are not normally called Arabs.