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This article presents a contextualized psychology of peace in Asia that considers features of direct & structural violence in the region. In Asia, direct violence takes the form of intrastate intermediate-sized armed conflicts. Structural violence, on the other hand, is associated with foreign invasions & authoritarian regimes, chronic poverty, & cultural heterogeneity of nonmigrant groups marked by asymmetric power relations. Because of the nature of social conflict in Asia, peace psychologists working in this region should focus on active nonviolent political transformation, healing protracted-war traumas, beliefs supporting economic democratization, social voice & identity, culture-sensitive political peacemaking, & psychopolitical aspects of federalizing to address a territorial conflict. The article ends with suggestions for a future research agenda in Asian peace psychology. 5 Tables, 2 Appendixes, 84 References. Adapted from the source document.

Psychologists have discovered useful therapeutic strategies to understand & heal the inner world of individuals traumatized by political violence. However, psychological approaches built on unspoken assumptions about context, present an incomplete therapeutic picture for individuals traumatized in protracted social conflicts. Because political environment & psychological well-being are bidirectionally related, situational issues need to be addressed. Four context-related propositions for protracted war are presented: (a) Traumatizing experiences are not only episodic but also systemic, extending over many years. (b) Context may also function as a source of healing. (c) Healing efforts do not take place in war-free & comfortable contexts but rather in unsafe & impoverished conditions. (d) Trauma survivors are not only victims & effects, but also empowered transformers & causes of contextual change. Applications to Philippine experiences illustrate the four propositions. Further explorations of trauma & recovery under stressful social conditions may bring psychological discoveries closer to the needs of many individuals who live in unstable political systems. 1 Table, 58 References. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses the concept of forgiveness, with focus on its enactment at the sociopolitical level. Examples of constructive forgiveness are presented. It is concluded that truly constructive forgiveness on a sociopolitical level can occur only when abuses stop, true reconciliation begins, the truth is made known, & social fairness can be restored. 4 References. D. Weibel