Resumen: El presente artículo analiza la tolerancia al quebrantamiento de la norma en Medellín y municipios del Área Metropolitana a partir de los datos obtenidos del estudio sobre la magnitud, distribución y factores asociados a la violencia en el Área Metropolitana que se realizó en 2004 a los diez municipios que la integran, por el cual se estimó la magnitud que se tiene en la sociedad de este importante factor de riesgo para la violencia. De los resultados se destaca que los indicadores estandarizados de anomia y de legitimación del quebrantamiento de la norma son asombrosamente altos en todos los municipios del Área Metropolitana de Medellín, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, aunque con mayor prevalencia entre los hombres, y entre los menores de edad y los jóvenes. Se presentan discusiones sociológicas que aportan elementos para explicar la presencia y las características de este fenómeno y los factores que motivan a un individuo a ocasionar un incidente que contribuye a dicho fenómeno. Entre los elementos explicativos se mencionan tanto los valores inadecuados o falta de ciertos valores culturales, fruto de condicionantes de índole sociocultural y económica en el Área Metropolitana, como la racionalidad individual.
Luis,Duque: Eliseo,Perez-Stable: ; Background Despite efforts to reduce the prevalence of tobacco smoking, cessation is a major challenge for adolescents and teenagers in low-income and middle-income countries. Smoking prevalence and the association between it and selected determinants, including violence, in adolescents and teenagers were investigated in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), Colombia, and Argentina. Methods Three cross-sectional surveys were undertaken in 2006 in Jujuy, Argentina, and in 2008 in West Bank, oPt, and Medellin, Colombia. Children (aged 12–17 years) were selected by use of cluster sampling of schools in all three countries, and neighbourhoods in Colombia. They completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions about smoking habits, demographic characteristics, and exposure to violence. The main analyses were χ² test and logistic regression, and were restricted to the questions for the comparable age group (14–15 years) in the three settings. Findings 3238 (86%) of 3765 Argentinian children, 3107 (99%) of 3138 Palestinian children, and 1998 (99%) of 2018 Colombian children participated in the study. Prevalence of smoking was 325 (23%) of 1386 Palestinian, 688 (31%) of 2254 Argentinian, and 104 (8%) of 1324 Colombian children. Minor differences were noted in smoking prevalence between Colombian (42 [7%] of 644 girls vs 62 [9%] of 680 boys; 3%, 95% CI –1 to 6) and Argentinian boys and girls (357 [29%] of 1238 vs 331 [33%] of 1015; 4%; –3 to 11), whereas the difference was greater between Palestinian boys (283 [37%] of 770) and girls (42 [7%] of 616; 30%, 20 to 39). Palestinian and Argentinian children tried smoking before the age of 8 years with prevalences of 28 (9%) of 323 and 63 (9%) of 688, respectively, compared with 15 (4%) of 412 Colombian children. 130 (40%) of 323 Palestinian, 180 (44%) of 412 Colombian, and 313 (46%) of 684 Argentinian children smoked cigarettes most often when aged 12–13 years. Palestinian children more often reported exposure to physical (554 [40%] of 1386) and verbal (585 [42%] of 1386) violence by their parents than did Argentinian children (582 [26%] of 2241 and 312 [14%] of 2241, respectively). Palestinian and Argentinian children reported similar amounts of exposure to physical violence from strangers (178 [13%] of 1386 vs 291 [13%] of 2243, respectively) and weapons (136 [10%] of 1386 vs 190 [8%] of 2243, respectively). The prevalence of smoking among Argentinian children who reported exposure to physical violence from strangers (soldiers or gang members) was 158 (54%) of 291 (odds ratio for smoking vs non-smoking children 3·21, 2·50 to 4·13) and 96 (51%) of 190 (2·55, 1·89 to 3·43) in those exposed to weapons compared with 98 (55%) of 178 (3·08, 2·17 to 4·39) and 72 (53%) of 136 Palestinian children (2·79, 1·91 to 4·08), respectively. Interpretation The results indicate international differences, but support the association between exposure to violence and smoking habits. Policy makers and educators need to give attention to the high prevalence of smoking among adolescents and teenagers living under conflict.
