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Using a critical race lens, this analysis extends the victim-blaming literature to examine representations of Black males killed by White police officers. Specifically, it explores tweets that emerged following the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner in 2014. Study findings indicate Twitter users often used victim-blaming discourse to present the incidents of violence against Black men as isolated cases of punishment they deserved instead of the manifestations of larger social problems and systematic injustices. Common victim-blaming themes used to frame the two men were criminal actions/culpability, physical features, and race and class characteristics. A counter narrative toward justice and policy change later emerged, and the two men's deaths became a catalyst for change. Notably, the #BlackLivesMatter campaign became an impetus to help foster growth in the Black liberation movement.

Overview of theories -- Introduction -- Image repair theory : general terminology -- Critical race theory and image repair studies -- Image repair theory and the web -- Outbursts and offensive language -- Hate speech & crisis management : a case study of Donald Sterling's use of racist rhetoric -- Free speech vs. hate speech : an image restoration case study of Justin Bieber's use of the n-word -- What happens on Twitter stays on Twitter : black Twitter, "#Niggernavy" and the image repair tactics of Yahoo finance -- Fighting words : an image restoration study of Hulk Hogan's use of the n-word -- Sexual assault, domestic violence, and IRT -- The fall of America's favorite dad : Bill Cosby's image repair tactics -- The aftermath of #MeToo : Harvey Weinstein's image repair tactics and Pinterest representations -- Gender, race, and IRT -- Passing for black : an analysis of Rachel Dolezal's image repair strategies -- Spanning the decades : an analysis of Monica Lewinsky's image restoration strategies during a 2015 Ted talks appearance -- Politics and IRT -- Taming of the shrew and rock star : media framing of senators Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama during the 2007-08 presidential primaries -- Image repair and online media framing of Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential race -- Conclusions and future directions in image repair theory -- Appendixes -- References -- Index -- About the editors -- About the contributors.

Using a Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Framing Theory as a lens, this study extends the literature on media representations through an examination of the framing and tone toward Black fathers illustrated in Instagram memes in 2022. Study findings indicate that Instagram offers a means for individuals to share positive messages about this marginalized group. Social media was used to offer messages of hope that framed Black fathers positively, often referencing the Black Lives Matter movement to encourage individuals to recognize the value of Black men in the lives of children and families. Memes offered counter-narratives to the traditional racist narratives that have plagued Black men historically. The findings of this study are important for advancing future research in this area and underscoring the powerful role of social media in shifting narratives about Black fathers.

The Journal and Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ) has documented the struggle members of marginalized groups face in their quest to be treated equally in media content and careers. In this analysis, we note that the journal's century of articles documents the many historical shifts in the representation and treatment of women and minorities in media settings. Articles emphasize the lack of opportunities for advancement, management issues, and systemic inequities perpetuated by media content and practices. Less common were articles that examine the treatment of students and faculty in academia.

This book digs deeply into the meanings systems that make up social groups, addressing contemporary and historical cases both in the U.S. and internationally. Drawing from traditional and social media along with interpersonal communication situations, contributors provide an engaging multicultural narrative.