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12 páginas.-- et. al ; [EN]: Both gradual and catastrophic events have been involved on the mass extinction events on the planet Earth. Although the greatest mass extinction with currently identified fossil remains was the Great Dying, the greatest of all mass extinctions on planet Earth should have been the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), assuming that no life was present at the time of the Moon formation. In general, and excluding the unique GOE, the climate changes have been the most common causes of mass extinctions on Earth. A comet or large meteorite may cause mass extinctions not only on land, but also on the oceans. Indeed, a bolide of a few kilometers in diameter may release as much energy as several million nuclear bombs. On the other hand, localized oceanic extinctions may arise from special events like the quasi-periodic climate pattern known as "El Niño" Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Such events may have also a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems, causing extinctions of plants and animals. Up to five major mass extinctions have been recorded in the last 540 million years, killing an average of 50% or more of all living species at the time of the event. The fossil record suggests that mass extinctions on the planet Earth occur about every 26 million years. This is a very serious matter indeed, because if such hypothesis holds true, it is just a matter of time before the Earth is hit by a huge bolide with catastrophic consequences. It is revealing to note that 99% of all species that ever lived on planet Earth are now extinct. That includes all our hominid ancestors. Besides other considerations and factors, the human activity is significantly disrupting the planet Earth ecosystems. It should be also taken into account that now –for the first time–, the human activity can also cause mass extinctions. In fact, the current rate of species extinctions is shocking; estimated at about 10,000 times the past average as deduced from the fossil record. The conclusion is clear and definitive: our only chance to survive is to colonize the cosmos. On the other hand, we must take care of many possible causes of extinction, but particularly on those derived from the synergistic effects of human activities, in order to take action to prevent the global contamination and warming of the planet Earth. In a practical way, halting and reversing such trends requires significant changes not only in industries in general, but also in human behavior in particular (food wastefulness, unnecessary travel and pleasure tourism, fashion squandering, etc), in order to effectively reduce both the contamination and the emissions of the greenhouse gases. Obviously, that requires a global economic and marketing change. A pacific revolution involving a global social and political agreement is needed. It should be also clear that each and every one of us has the responsibility to take care of our planet Earth. ; [ES]: Tanto acontecimientos graduales como catastróficos han estado implicados a las extinciones masivas en el planeta Tierra. A pesar de que la mayor extinción masiva, según restos fósiles identificados actualmente, fue la Gran Mortandad (del inglés, "Great Dying"), la mayor de todas las extinciones masivas en el planeta Tierra debió haber sido la Gran Oxidación (del inglés, "Great Oxygenation"); también llamada crisis del oxígeno, revolución del oxígeno o catástrofe del oxígeno (suponiendo la no existencia de vida en el momento de la formación de la Luna). En general y excluyendo el suceso de la Gran Oxidación, los cambios climáticos han sido las causas más comunes de extinciones masivas en la Tierra. Un cometa o un gran meteorito pueden causar extinciones masivas, no sólo en la tierra, sino también en los océanos. De hecho, un aerolito de unos pocos kilómetros de diámetro puede liberar tanta energía como varios millones de bombas nucleares. Por otro lado, las extinciones oceánicas localizadas pueden derivarse de sucesos especiales como el patrón climático cuasiperiódico conocido como la Oscilación del Sur de "El Niño" (del inglés, "'El Niño' Southern Oscillation"; ENOS). Estos eventos pueden tener también un impacto significativo en los ecosistemas terrestres, causando la extinción de plantas y animales. Hasta cinco importantes extinciones masivas han sido registradas en los últimos 540 millones años, aniquilando a un promedio del 50% o más de todas las especies vivientes en el momento del evento. El registro fósil sugiere que las extinciones masivas en el planeta Tierra se producen aproximadamente cada 26 millones de años. Se trata, ciertamente, de un asunto muy grave, porque de ser cierta esa hipótesis, es simplemente una cuestión de tiempo que la Tierra pueda ser alcanzada por un enorme aerolito que generaría consecuencias catastróficas. Es interesante tener en cuenta que el 99% de todas las especies que alguna vez vivieron en el planeta Tierra están ahora extintas. Esto incluye a todos nuestros antepasados homínidos. Además de otras consideraciones y factores, la actividad humana está interfiriendo considerablemente en los ecosistemas del planeta Tierra. Debe tenerse también en cuenta que ahora –por primera vez–, la actividad humana puede también causar extinciones masivas. De hecho, la tasa actual de extinción de especies es alarmante; estimada en alrededor de 10.000 veces la media con respecto al pasado, como se deduce del registro fósil. La conclusión es clara y definitiva: nuestra única posibilidad de sobrevivir es colonizar el cosmos. Por otra parte, debemos preocuparnos por muchas posibles causas de extinción, pero sobre todo por aquellas derivadas de los efectos sinérgicos de las actividades humanas, a fin de tomar medidas para prevenir la contaminación y calentamiento global del planeta Tierra. De un modo práctico, detener y revertir esas tendencias requiere importantes cambios no sólo en las industrias en general, sino también en el comportamiento humano en particular (despilfarro de comida, viajes superfluos turismo de placer, derroche en moda, etc.), a fin de reducir eficazmente la contaminación y las emisiones de los gases de efecto invernadero. Indiscutiblemente, esto requiere un cambio global a nivel económico y comercial. Se necesita una revolución pacífica que implique un acuerdo global a nivel social y político. Es también evidente que todos y cada uno de nosotros tenemos la responsabilidad de cuidar de nuestro planeta Tierra. ; Supported by projects 041/C/2007, 75/C/2009 & 56/C/2010 of "Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Junta de Andalucía"; "Grupo PAI" AGR-248 of "Junta de Andalucía"; and "Ayuda a Grupos" of "Universidad de Córdoba" (Spain). ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
The N141I variant (PSEN1 gene) is associated with familial forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) in descendants of Volga Germans, whose migration to Argentina is well documented. As a proxy for geographic origin, surnames can be a valuable tool in population studies. The 2015 Argentine Electoral Registry provided geographic data for 30,530,194 individuals, including 326,922 with Volga German surnames. Between 2005 and 2017, the Ministry of Health recorded 4,115,216 deaths, of which 17,226 were attributed to AD and related causes. The study used both diachronic and synchronic data to identify patterns of territorial distribution and co-spatiality, using Moran's I and generalised linear model statistics. The frequency of surnames of Volga German origin accounts for 43.53% of the variation in deaths from AD and three clusters of high non-random frequency were found. Almost 150 years later, people descending from the Volga migration remain highly concentrated and may have a different risk of developing AD. The identification of spatial patterns provides reliable guidance for medical research and highlights the importance of specific health policies for particular populations.

4th European Conference on Precision Agriculture, 4th ECPA, Berlin, June 15-19th, 2003. ; Research work conducted under the European Union HySens project aimed to investigate physical methods with ROSIS and DAIS 7915 high-spatial hyperspectral remote sensing imagery to estimate leaf biochemical and canopy biophysical variables in Olea europaea L. and Vitis vinifera L. canopies. Successful demonstration of accurate estimation of biophysical variables in these crops is critical for the development of effective precision agriculture management practices. Leaf chlorophyll a+b (Ca+b) and leaf area index (LAI) are indicators of stress and growth that can be estimated by remote sensing in the 400-2500 nm region. ; Peer reviewed

Horse domestication revolutionized warfare and accelerated travel, trade, and the geographic expansion of languages. Here, we present the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes (≥1-fold coverage), 87 of which are new. This extensive dataset allows us to assess the modern legacy of past equestrian civilizations. We find that two extinct horse lineages existed during early domestication, one at the far western (Iberia) and the other at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia. None of these contributed significantly to modern diversity. We show that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia. Multiple alleles associated with elite-racing, including at the MSTN "speed gene," only rose in popularity within the last millennium. Finally, the development of modern breeding impacted genetic diversity more dramatically than the previous millennia of human management. Genome-wide data from 278 ancient equids provide insights into how ancient equestrian civilizations managed, exchanged, and bred horses and indicate vast loss of genetic diversity as well as the existence of two extinct lineages of horses that failed to contribute to modern domestic animals. ; Taylor Family-Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. M.L. was supported by a Marie-Curie Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF-67852). L.L. was supported by the Estonian Research Council (PRG29). C.L. was supported by FCT (SFRH/BPD/100511/2014). P.K., N.R., and O.M. were supported by the Ministry of Educations and Science of Russian Federation (33.1907, 2017/P4) and the Russian Scientific Foundation (18-18-00137). T.M.-B. was supported by the BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the U01 MH106874 grant, Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social ''La Caixa,'' and Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya. V.P. was supported by Russian Science Foundation (16-18-10265) e Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF94), the Initiative d'Excellence Chaires d'attractivite´ , Universite´ de Toulouse (OURASI), the International Highly Cited Research Group Program (HCRC#15-101), Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, the Villum Fonden miGENEPI research project, the Swiss National Science Foundation (CR13I1_140638), the Research Council of Norway (project 230821/F20); the investigation grant HAR2016-77600-P, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, and the National Science Foundation ANS1417036). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 681605)

Horse domestication revolutionized warfare and accelerated travel, trade, and the geographic expansion of languages. Here, we present the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes (≥1-fold coverage), 87 of which are new. This extensive dataset allows us to assess the modern legacy of past equestrian civilizations. We find that two extinct horse lineages existed during early domestication, one at the far western (Iberia) and the other at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia. None of these contributed significantly to modern diversity. We show that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia. Multiple alleles associated with elite-racing, including at the MSTN "speed gene," only rose in popularity within the last millennium. Finally, the development of modern breeding impacted genetic diversity more dramatically than the previous millennia of human management. ; B.B. was supported by the Taylor Family-Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. M.L. was supported by a Marie-Curie Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF-67852). L.L. was supported by the Estonian Research Council (PRG29). C.L. was supported by FCT (SFRH/BPD/100511/2014). P.K., N.R., and O.M. were supported by the Ministry of Educations and Science of Russian Federation (33.1907, 2017/Π4) and the Russian Scientific Foundation (18-18-00137). T.M.-B. was supported by the BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the U01 MH106874 grant, Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social "La Caixa," and Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya. V.P. was supported by Russian Science Foundation (16-18-10265). This research received support from the SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info/), which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the Seventh Framework "Capacities" Programme. This work was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF94), the Initiative d'Excellence Chaires d'attractivité, Université de Toulouse (OURASI), the International Highly Cited Research Group Program (HCRC#15-101), Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, the Villum Fonden miGENEPI research project, the Swiss National Science Foundation (CR13I1_140638), the Research Council of Norway (project 230821/F20); the investigation grant HAR2016-77600-P, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain, and the National Science Foundation (ANS-1417036). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 681605). ; Peer reviewed