Suchergebnisse

Angeles-Castro, G. 2021: Economic Liberalization in Latin America. Routledge Studies in Development Economics. London and New York: Routledge. x + 85 pp. £120 (hardback), £25.89 (eBook). ISBN: 978-0-367-45654-2 (hardback), 978-1-003-02456-9 (eBook).

This article highlights the role of organised rural communities in negotiating local development within processes of neoliberalisation. Based on the empirical evidence of a cooperative organisation from rural Chile, it is argued that local actors claim ownership of regional economic processes and local development agendas, while negotiating between mainstream economic growth worldviews and alternative solutions to market distribution failures. This negotiation results in local economies that manoeuvre between adapting and rejecting neoliberal economic policies offering a locally embedded solution to inequality and segregation, in this case to the benefit of a historically marginalised rural population.

English abstract:
Regional cooperation is a context-dependent process that is better understood using a geographical approach; this is, accounting for the region as part of the explanation for and not only as the container in which cooperative agreements operate. The case of the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia, a bottom-up regional cooperation process that resulted in a regional trademark, illustrates what roles are played by a diversity of local actors and how local socio-economic conditions influence cooperation agreements. The case highlights the inadequacy of inflexible jurisdictional boundaries and the limitations of preexisting categories (such as inter-municipal cooperation or metropolitan areas). The empirical evidence includes the analysis of 19 semi-structured interviews.Spanish abstract:
La cooperación regional es un proceso que depende del contexto local y regional; y una perspectiva geográfica apoya a considerar la región donde ocurre como parte de la explicación, y no como un contenedor dentro del cual operan los acuerdos. Este artículo aborda el caso del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero Colombiano, un proceso de cooperación regional de abajo hacia arriba que resultó en una marca registrada regional. El caso ilustra participantes y roles en el proceso y cómo las condiciones socioeconómicas locales influyen en los acuerdos de cooperación. Los resultados destacan la inflexibilidad de las divisiones jurisdiccionales y las limitaciones de las categorías preexistentes (como la cooperación intermunicipal o las áreas metropolitanas). La metodología incluyó el análisis de 19 entrevistas semi-estructuradas.French abstract:
Les processus de coopération régionale dépendent de leur contexte et sont mieux appréhendés à travers une approche géographique. En d'autres termes, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte la région comme partie intégrante de l'analyse, et non uniquement en tant que simple structure où les accords de coopérations se déroulent. Le cas du Paysage culturel du café de Colombie, un processus de coopération régionale du bas vers le haut qui a abouti à la création d'une marque, illustre les rôles joués par une diversité d'acteurs locaux et comment les conditions socio-économiques influencent les accords de coopération. Il met en évidence l'inadéquation des frontières juridictionnelles inflexibles et les limites des catégories préexistantes (comme la coopération inter-municipale et les aires métropolitaines). La méthodologie repose sur une étude de cas et dix-neuf entretiens semi-directifs.

This policy brief explores the bioeconomy strategies implemented in two different European regions, by describing some of the strategies used to promote and implement a bioeconomy agenda in Catalonia and Finnish Lapland, with a focus on the actors involved, their roles and the interactions with other relevant actors or stakeholders. Catalonia does not have a single bioeconomy strategy. Instead, different public organisations from the regional government have designed and implemented their own agendas, partly based on the European Union bioeconomy and circular economy strategies. The regional agency in charge of promoting innovation and competitiveness amongst firms and businesses (ACCIO), and the Forest Science and TechnologyCentre of Catalonia (CTFC), are the organisations with the greatest advancements in implementing a bioeconomy agenda. Their approach to the bioeconomy and the actors involved vary greatly, depending on the economic sector targeted. While ACCIO approaches the bioeconomy mostly as a process of industrial transformation that should use existing competitiveadvantages, CTFC sees the bioeconomy as an opportunity to boost an underdeveloped economic sector (forestry). Lapland, on the other hand, has structured its bioeconomy agenda within the smart specialisation strategy, which prioritises five clusters of selected economic areas. Two of those clusters are directly related to bioeconomy and circular economy. The first cluster, called Artic Industry and Circular Economy targets the region's main economic sectors, aiming to promote circular solutions, efficient use of natural resources and industrial symbiosis. The second cluster, called Arctic Smart Rural Communities, is more preoccupied with rural villages and rural entrepreneurs' well-being and steady income, incentivising local production of food and decentralised energy systems.Both regions show that accounting for regional diversity iscrucial for a successful bioeconomy strategy, as the strategies depend on a variety of institutional, social and economic factors. This also implies that there is not one single way to understand bioeconomy, as its definition adapts to the local context, whether it is bioeconomy as the use of natural resources, circular bioeconomy as efficient industrial production, or a combination of both. This context dependence poses challenges for practitioners and policy makers, as adapting the strategies will require innovative approaches, networking and collaborations with different kinds of actors at different scales.

Regional cooperation is a context-dependent process that is better understood using a geographical approach; this is, accounting for the region as part of the explanation for and not only as the container in which cooperative agreements operate. The case of the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia, a bottom-up regional cooperation process that resulted in a regional trademark, illustrates what roles are played by a diversity of local actors and how local socio-economic conditions influence cooperation agreements. The case highlights the inadequacy of inflexible jurisdictional boundaries and the limitations of preexisting categories (such as inter-municipal cooperation or metropolitan areas). The empirical evidence includes the analysis of 19 semi-structured interviews. ; La cooperación regional es un proceso que depende del contexto local y regional; y una perspectiva geográfica apoya a considerar la región donde ocurre como parte de la explicación, y no como un contenedor dentro del cual operan los acuerdos. Este artículo aborda el caso del Paisaje Cultural Cafetero Colombiano, un proceso de cooperación regional de abajo hacia arriba que resultó en una marca registrada regional. El caso ilustra participantes y roles en el proceso y cómo las condiciones socioeconómicas locales influyen en los acuerdos de cooperación. Los resultados destacan la inflexibilidad de las divisiones jurisdiccionales y las limitaciones de las categorías preexistentes (como la cooperación intermunicipal o las áreas metropolitanas). La metodología incluyó el análisis de 19 entrevistas semi-estructuradas.

Una de las fortalezas de nuestra Corte Constitucional es la capacidad de generar cambios institucionales. Esta afirmación obedece al estudio de una serie de consecuencias derivadas de la sentencia T-025 de 2004, luego de la cual sobrevinieron algunas actuaciones del Estado y de la sociedad que enfocaron la Política Pública de Atención a la Población Desplazada hacia un nuevo escenario: la existencia de una situación de crisis y la necesidad inminente de superarlo. Las Cortes, que en estricto sentido no cumplen funciones de diseño y evaluación de política pública, de frente a una situación de grave violación de Derechos Humanos, a un preocupante estancamiento de la política pública, a la ineficiencia del Ejecutivo y a la poca atención del Legislativo, pueden entrar a asumir nuevos roles que ponen en evidencia la desatención estatal y la necesidad de tomar acciones inmediatas.

Este documento, que aporta a los objetivos estratégicos de democratización de la información y el conocimiento, ética y apropiación social del conocimiento y regionalización definidos en el Picia 2019-2022, se presenta como un primer paso en la construcción de la Estrategia Institucional para la Caracterización y Transformación de Conflictos Ambientales. Reúne una serie de insumos que pretenden orientar al Instituto tanto en el estudio de los conflictos ambientales en el país como en las acciones que puede emprender para contribuir con su prevención y transformación, a partir de la construcción y coproducción de información y conocimiento para la toma de decisiones en materia ambiental. Se trata de un primer aporte a un proceso colectivo e iterativo, que implicará un diálogo dentro del Instituto y con actores sociales clave para definir el plan de trabajo del Instituto en torno a los conflictos ambientales. ; Bogotá ; Gestión Territorial de la Biodiversidad

How do sparsely populated regions innovate in green policies? What enables or limits such innovation? The green policy literature often focuses on core regions, while territorial innovation models have long ignored regional state innovation. In this article we examine the drivers of public sector innovation in green policies in peripheral regions, often considered unequipped. The data come from the case study of Finnish Lapland's Smart Specialisation Strategy in relation to promoting a forest-based bioeconomy. In a context where climate change has become a major global challenge, and sustainable development an additional responsibility for local and regional governments, this article contributes to understanding the rationales for innovation in green policies from a regional perspective. Drawing from institutional economic geography, we argue that top-down approaches (Smart Specialisation) combined with scale and place-specificity (personal connections, environmental fragility, political will and natural resources endowments) play an important role in driving the governments of sparsely populated regions to innovate when translating and implementing green policies.

Environmental conflicts have been growing in number in Colombia and in Latin America, and different public policies aimed at their resolution have emerged. Based on a literature review, we investigated how 'positive change' has been conceived in the country regarding environmental conflicts, and which conditions have been considered favorable for these changes. The concepts of resolution and transformation, although with differing conceptual origins and political implications, could be considered to be complementary in practice. Among the factors favorable to positive change in environmental conflicts, we found the strength of community organizations, the establishment of sustained dialogues that allow building trust, legal instruments that guarantee social participation in environmental decisions, and the social appropriation of different forms of knowledge. We conclude with some recommendations for the Regional Centers of Environmental Dialogue proposed by the Colombian government in 2018. ; Los conflictos ambientales han venido aumentando en Colombia y América Latina, y han emergido diferentes políticas públicas que le apuestan a resolverlos. Con base en una revisión de literatura, indagamos por las formas en que se han entendido los cambios positivos en los conflictos ambientales en el país, así como por las condiciones que se han identificado como favorables para estos cambios. Las nociones de resolución y transformación, aunque tienen diferentes genealogías conceptuales e implicaciones políticas, podrían ser consideradas complementarias en la práctica. Dentro de los factores favorables a los cambios positivos encontramos el fortalecimiento de la organización comunitaria, el establecimiento de procesos de diálogo sostenidos en el tiempo que permitan construir confianza, las herramientas legales que garanticen la participación social en las decisiones ambientales y la apropiación de diferentes formas de conocimiento. Concluimos con recomendaciones para la operación de los Centros Regionales de Diálogo ...

Regional bioeconomies promote sustainable, regional economies under the auspices of EU green growth policies. Combining prospects of rural rejuvenation, sustainability and innovation, they are employed to address climate change, societal challenges, and often benefit from substantial public funds. Yet, despite public finance's key role for bio-based transitions and (regional) bioeconomies, it has received little academic attention. Framed by conceptualisations on greening finance and (sustainable) policy narratives, this paper evaluates the public finance processes of three spatially variegated regional bioeconomy developments in Europe (Finland, Sweden, Spain). It provides empirical accounts from the case study sites and contrasts their public finance narratives with sustainable bioeconomy policy trajectories employed in EU policy promotion and benchmarking. This critical questioning of the current representations of regional bioeconomies in public finance narratives portrays a problematic mismatch between the dominant selective economic features and wider EU policy aims, particularly in relation to sustainability. Accompanied by the neglect of decisive local features in these benchmarking narratives, they promote a sustainably and spatially unreflective path forward for bioeconomy policy learning and development. ; Funding: Academy for Smart Specialization; Karlstad University; Region Varmland [RV 2014-613, RV 2018-467, RV 2016-294]

Regional bioeconomies promote sustainable, regional economies under the auspices of EU green growth policies. Combining prospects of rural rejuvenation, sustainability and innovation, they are employed to address climate change, societal challenges, and often benefit from substantial public funds. Yet, despite public finance's key role for bio-based transitions and (regional) bioeconomies, it has received little academic attention. Framed by conceptualisations on greening finance and (sustainable) policy narratives, this paper evaluates the public finance processes of three spatially variegated regional bioeconomy developments in Europe (Finland, Sweden, Spain). It provides empirical accounts from the case study sites and contrasts their public finance narratives with sustainable bioeconomy policy trajectories employed in EU policy promotion and benchmarking. This critical questioning of the current representations of regional bioeconomies in public finance narratives portrays a problematic mismatch between the dominant selective economic features and wider EU policy aims, particularly in relation to sustainability. Accompanied by the neglect of decisive local features in these benchmarking narratives, they promote a sustainably and spatially unreflective path forward for bioeconomy policy learning and development.

Summary The study explores the conditions of the changes that have occurred in the livestock activity of two communities in the southern Andes of Peru, based on innovation in the processes of cattle production for obtaining milk. A mixed methodology was used that involved the development of interviews and surveys with the families of producers in the district of Ocongate. The results show an increase in the number of heads of cattle and cattle breeders, improvements in milk production, an increase in family income, and other changes in the family life of producers. In addition, it is argued that the involvement of both governmental and private institutions contributed to livestock innovation. ; Resumen El estudio explora las condiciones de los cambios ocurridos en la actividad pecuaria del de dos comunidades del sur andino de Perú, a partir de la innovación en los procesos de producción de ganado vacuno para la obtención de leche. Se utilizó una metodología mixta que involucró el desarrollo de entrevistas y encuestas con las familias de productores del distrito de Ocongate. Se evidencia el incremento de cabezas y criadores de vacunos, mejoras de la producción de leche, incremento de los ingresos familiares, así como otros cambios en la vida familiar de los productores. Además, se argumenta que la participación de instituciones gubernamentales y privadas coadyuvó a la innovación pecuaria.