Suchergebnisse

El fomento del espíritu emprendedor y el apoyo a la creación de empresas y al trabajo por cuenta propia son líneas de actuación que recomienda la Comisión Europea a los Estados miembros para ayudar a los jóvenes y adultos desempleados a buscar una salida profesional en el campo del empleo autónomo. Este trabajo analiza una de las líneas de actuación en materia de apoyo a la creación de empleo: la evolución del número de beneficiarios acogidos al programa de apoyo al empleo autónomo español durante el periodo 1998- 2002, con especial referencia a la implicación de los jóvenes menores de 25 años en el mismo.

The present document analyzes the theory of human capital and its consequences in the human management, where Foucault's approaches are relevant and his analysis of forms of governing resulting in new studies of organizations. The inspiration for this article came from the concern that the elevated discussions of chain of command in the business world would incorrectly identify the challenges and objectives for the businesses and for the areas of human management, without considering the suggestions from the academic world that establishes the risks of working only from the pragmatic point of view. From this point, the subjects are assumed as absolute responsibilities of their successes, where in the business world it appears unnecessary to create a sense of community. ; Este documento analiza la Teoría del capital humano y sus consecuencias en la gestión humana, donde cobran relevancia los planteamientos de Foucault y sus análisis de las formas de gobernar a sujetos y poblaciones, que interesan al estudio de las organizaciones. La presente revisión surge de la preocupación por discursos convertidos en mandatos en el mundo empresarial que plantean retos y objetivos a las empresas y las áreas de gestión humana, sin que se visibilicen los aportes críticos surgidos en el ámbito académico que establecen los riesgos de seguir trabajando desde miradas reduccionistas y pragmáticas, donde los sujetos son asumidos como absolutos responsables de sus éxitos, en un ámbito donde pareciera innecesaria la construcción de sentidos de comunidad.

Competency-based learning allows students to acquire knowledge, learn procedures and develop attitudes necessary for their employability. The aim of this article is to reflect on the current role of the University and its relations with its environment (government, business and society) and present an action plan to promote the employability of university students as an essential instrument of university policy. A qualitative methodology is used to explore, investigate and analyze the structure of the university and obtain information about the perception of the heads of the different units of government in terms of employability. Based on the information collected, the employability plan is drawn up, grouped into four programs that involve teaching, research, management and public administration, with their respective instruments of action; these programs must be managed by the different actors and their respective areas of government. ; El aprendizaje basado en competencias permite al alumnado adquirir conocimientos, aprender procedimientos y desarrollar actitudes necesarias para su empleabilidad. El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar sobre el papel actual de la Universidad y sus relaciones con el entorno (gobierno, empresa y sociedad), y presentar un plan de acción para fomentar la empleabilidad de los estudiantes universitarios como instrumento esencial de la política universitaria. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa para explorar, indagar y analizar la estructura de la universidad y obtener información sobre la percepción de los responsables de las diferentes unidades de gobierno en materia de empleabilidad. Partiendo de la información recogida, se elabora el plan de empleabilidad agrupado en cuatro programas que involucran a la docencia, la investigación, la gestión y la administración universitaria, con sus respectivos instrumentos de actuación; estos programas han de ser gestionados por los diferentes actores y sus respectivas áreas de gobierno. ; A aprendizagem baseada em competências permite que os alunos adquiram conhecimento, aprendam procedimentos e desenvolvam atitudes necessárias para sua empregabilidade. O objetivo do artigo é refletir sobre o papel atual da Universidade e suas relações com o meio ambiente (governo, empresas e sociedade) e apresentar um plano de ação para promover a empregabilidade de estudantes universitários como instrumento essencial da política universitária. Uma metodologia qualitativa é usada para explorar, investigar e analisar a estrutura da universidade e obter informações sobre a percepção dos responsáveis pelas diferentes unidades governamentais em relação à empregabilidade. Com base nas informações coletadas, o plano de empregabilidade é preparado, agrupado em quatro programas que envolvem ensino, pesquisa, gestão e administração universitária, com seus respectivos instrumentos de ação; Esses programas devem ser gerenciados pelos diferentes atores e suas respectivas áreas de governo.

The objective of this study is to analyze the degree of involvement of marine tourism companies in Corporate Social Responsibility actions with special reference to relational responsibility, taking into account certain characteristics of the companies that allow defining a profile of socially responsible companies. Results are presented distinguishing between different levels of business commitment to CSR, and results of the estimation of the applied logit models. The assessment made by companies of socially responsible actions shows that actions of the internal dimension have more weight, especially actions on human resource management and environmental actions. Of particular relevance is the positive influence of factors related to human resource management, adaptation to change, community development and the relationship with private agents on the likelihood of a company having a high level of commitment to CSR. The factor least valued by all the companies has been that of relations with public agents. Besides companies with a broader CSR strategy are younger and smaller in size.

This paper discusses the construction of a theory of Economic Policy. Economic policy analyses date back to Cameralism and were stimulated within German economic thought in the 19th century. Up to that time, studies were systematized, but a unifying theoretical basis was lacking. Subsequently, discussions on the constitution of a theory of Economic Policy were revived after World War II, but they were paralyzed in the 1980s. This paper proposes to recover this debate. It is argued that it is possible to constitute a theory of Economic Policy and some lines of work for its construction are highlighted. Finally, it is pointed out that the methodology to be followed should be institutional, diachronic and comparative.

Background: In Colombia, recent legislation regarding end-of-life decisions includes palliative sedation, advance directives and euthanasia. We analysed which aspects influence health professionals´ decisions regarding end-of-life medical decisions and care for cancer patients. Methods: Qualitative descriptive–exploratory study based on phenomenology using semi-structured interviews. We interviewed 28 oncologists, palliative care specialists, general practitioners and nurses from three major Colombian institutions, all involved in end-of-life care of cancer patients: Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá and Hospital Universitario San José in Popayan. Results: When making decisions regarding end-of-life care, professionals consider: 1. Patient's clinical condition, cultural and social context, in particular treating indigenous patients requires special skills. 2. Professional skills and expertise: training in palliative care and experience in discussing end-of-life options and fear of legal consequences. Physicians indicate that many patients deny their imminent death which hampers shared decision-making and conversations. They mention frequent ambiguity regarding who initiates conversations regarding end-of-life decisions with patients and who finally takes decisions. Patients rarely initiate such conversations and the professionals normally do not ask patients directly for their preferences. Fear of confrontation with family members and lawsuits leads healthcare workers to carry out interventions such as initiating artificial feeding techniques and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, even in the absence of expected benefits. The opinions regarding the acceptability of palliative sedation, euthanasia and use of medications to accelerate death without the patients´ explicit request vary greatly. 3. Conditions of the insurance system: limitations exist in the offer of oncology and palliative care services for important proportions of the Colombian population. Colombians ...

BACKGROUND: In Colombia, recent legislation regarding end-of-life decisions includes palliative sedation, advance directives and euthanasia. We analysed which aspects influence health professionals´ decisions regarding end-of-life medical decisions and care for cancer patients. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive–exploratory study based on phenomenology using semi-structured interviews. We interviewed 28 oncologists, palliative care specialists, general practitioners and nurses from three major Colombian institutions, all involved in end-of-life care of cancer patients: Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá and Hospital Universitario San José in Popayan. RESULTS: When making decisions regarding end-of-life care, professionals consider: 1. Patient's clinical condition, cultural and social context, in particular treating indigenous patients requires special skills. 2. Professional skills and expertise: training in palliative care and experience in discussing end-of-life options and fear of legal consequences. Physicians indicate that many patients deny their imminent death which hampers shared decision-making and conversations. They mention frequent ambiguity regarding who initiates conversations regarding end-of-life decisions with patients and who finally takes decisions. Patients rarely initiate such conversations and the professionals normally do not ask patients directly for their preferences. Fear of confrontation with family members and lawsuits leads healthcare workers to carry out interventions such as initiating artificial feeding techniques and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, even in the absence of expected benefits. The opinions regarding the acceptability of palliative sedation, euthanasia and use of medications to accelerate death without the patients´ explicit request vary greatly. 3. Conditions of the insurance system: limitations exist in the offer of oncology and palliative care services for important proportions of the Colombian population. Colombians ...

Background: Cancer patients' end-of-life care may involve complex decision-making processes. Colombia has legislation regarding provision of and access to palliative care and is the only Latin American country with regulation regarding euthanasia. We describe medical end-of-life decision-making practices among cancer patients in three Colombian hospitals. Methods: Cancer patients who were at the end-of-life and attended in participating hospitals were identified. When these patients deceased, their attending physician was invited to participate. Attending physicians of 261 cancer patients (out of 348 identified) accepted the invitation and answered a questionnaire regarding end-of-life decisions: a.) decisions regarding the withdrawal or withholding of potentially life-prolonging medical treatments, b.) intensifying measures to alleviate pain or other symptoms with hastening of death as a potential side effect, and c.) the administration, supply or prescription of drugs with an explicit intention to hasten death. For each question addressing the first two decision types, we asked if the decision was fully or partially made with the intention or consideration that it may hasten the patient's death. Results: Decisions to withdraw potentially life-prolonging treatment were made for 112 (43%) patients, 16 of them (14%) with an intention to hasten death. For 198 patients (76%) there had been some decision to not initiate potentially life-prolonging treatment. Twenty-three percent of patients received palliative sedation, 97% of all patients received opioids. Six patients (2%) explicitly requested to actively hasten their death, for two of them their wish was fulfilled. In another six patients, medications were used with the explicit intention to hasten death without their explicit request. In 44% (n = 114) of all cases, physicians did not know if their patient had any advance care directives, 26% (n = 38) of physicians had spoken to the patient regarding the possibility of certain treatment decisions to hasten death ...

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients' end-of-life care may involve complex decision-making processes. Colombia has legislation regarding provision of and access to palliative care and is the only Latin American country with regulation regarding euthanasia. We describe medical end-of-life decision-making practices among cancer patients in three Colombian hospitals. METHODS: Cancer patients who were at the end-of-life and attended in participating hospitals were identified. When these patients deceased, their attending physician was invited to participate. Attending physicians of 261 cancer patients (out of 348 identified) accepted the invitation and answered a questionnaire regarding end-of-life decisions: a.) decisions regarding the withdrawal or withholding of potentially life-prolonging medical treatments, b.) intensifying measures to alleviate pain or other symptoms with hastening of death as a potential side effect, and c.) the administration, supply or prescription of drugs with an explicit intention to hasten death. For each question addressing the first two decision types, we asked if the decision was fully or partially made with the intention or consideration that it may hasten the patient's death. RESULTS: Decisions to withdraw potentially life-prolonging treatment were made for 112 (43%) patients, 16 of them (14%) with an intention to hasten death. For 198 patients (76%) there had been some decision to not initiate potentially life-prolonging treatment. Twenty-three percent of patients received palliative sedation, 97% of all patients received opioids. Six patients (2%) explicitly requested to actively hasten their death, for two of them their wish was fulfilled. In another six patients, medications were used with the explicit intention to hasten death without their explicit request. In 44% (n = 114) of all cases, physicians did not know if their patient had any advance care directives, 26% (n = 38) of physicians had spoken to the patient regarding the possibility of certain treatment decisions to hasten death ...