Suchergebnisse

THE URUGUAY ROUND OF GATT, FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS, AND TRADE DISPUTES HAVE EXPOSED VARIOUS NON-TARIFF TRADE RESTRICTIONS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BECOME MORE IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ON COMMODITY FLOWS AND THE DIFFERENTIATION OF RURAL SPACE. GLOBALIZATION OF LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AND INTELLECTUAL PRPOERTY IS ALSO OCCURRING OUTSIDE GATT. TWO MAIN PROCESSES ARE APPARENT. FIRST, UNDER FREE TRADE AGREEMENT NATIONS ARE QUESTIONING THE COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION GOVERNING PRODUCTION OF THEIR PARTNERS. SECONDLY, FOR SPECIFIC COMMODITIES, GROUPS OF PRODUCERS AND COUNTRIES ARE BRINGING LITIGATION AGAINST OTHER TRADING PARTNERS OVER THE USE OF PLACE-NAMES BY SUCCESSFULLY CLAIMING THAT THEY ARE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. THE PAPER USES THE INTERNATIONAL IMPACTS OF THE EC RULES FOR THE NAMING AND LABELLING OF WINES TO EXPLORE THE WIDER PROCESSES. AGGRESSIVE LITIGATION BY FRENCH COMPANIES AND GROUPS OF PRODUCERS IS GRADUALLY ELIMINATING THE USE OF FRENCH AND EC NAMES BY OTHER COUNTRIES. CONTEMPORANEOUSLY, OTHER NATIONS ARE ADOPTING APPELLATION SYSTEMS THAT IMITATE THE EC IN ORDER TO BE ASSURED OF ACCESS TO THE EC MARKETS AFTER 1992. BOTH PROCESSES ARE PART OF THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION UNDER CAPITALISM BUT THEIR EFFECTS MAY BE CONTRADICTORY. INCREASED SIMILARITY IN THE COMMERCIAL LEGISLATION OF COUNTRIES WILL ENHANCE THE ADVANTAGE OF THE MOST COMPETITIVE REGIONS AND NATIONS LEADING TO GREATER REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION IN RURAL PRODUCTION. A GLOBALIZATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR THE NPY: 1993

The speed, transparency, and extent of the reregulation of New Zealand society over the last decade offer many insights into issues of social change and systems of regulation and governance. The forms of reregulation have been embedded by the set of new regulations and reorganised state practices referred to as the 'reforms'. These have involved a major shift in the sites and exercise of power within and between economic, social, and political spheres. They have been promoted and articulated in a restructuring discourse which has dominated New Zealand's reaction to the expiry of its social democratic settlement. Reconstructions of space and democracy have been heavily implicated within the processes of change, both as explicit goals of the reform programme and as overt strategies for the achievement of other redistributions. They are also definitive outcomes of a decade of upheaval. The authors explore the spatialities of core-state reform. They develop the concept of an altered dominant representation of space to explore new configurations of space and democratic practice. They seek to inform contemporary debates over the stability of New Zealand's reconstructed social formation. The discussion is illustrated with references to the spatial reorganisation of the institutions of government and core-state activities; in particular the altered administration of education and public health, and changes in local government organisation.

Sharecropping is neglected in the analysis of land use and rural change in modern western economies. Notwithstanding the Marxist classification of sharecropping as a form of wage labor, it is conceptualized in this paper as simple commodity production, based on the unity of household and enterprise. The organization of sharecropping is examined with the use of this conceptualization, although the review incorporates economic and other perspectives. Sharemilking in New Zealand is used to evaluate this framework at two scales, on representative dairy farms of average size and on large dairy farms owned by corporations. It is found to be a mutually beneficial relationship that promotes efficient production and high output. It also facilitates intergenerational transfer, provides a rung on the dairying ladder, and contributes to the reproduction of family-based dairying in New Zealand. Sharemilking is also the preferred means for recent corporate entrants to the industry to operate their large dairy farms. Currently, sharemilking is playing a role in the penetration of agriculture by capital.