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This book challenges the established, neoclassical view of industrial success in developing countries. By re-examining the role of government intervention in the industrialization of Brazil and South Korea, it seeks to show that the key to industrial success does not lie in a simple combination of outward-orientation and laissez-faire, but in the government's success in remedying crucial market failures in the product and factor markets.

Purpose: This article aims to apply to the case of Avianca Airlines the Analytical Model for the Assessment of Airline Expansion Strategies developed by Moreira (2014) in order to explain the rationale of the expansion strategy followed by this airline and indicate other possible expansion strategies. Design/methodology/approach: This article is a case study in the sense that it aims to arrive to broad generalizations based on the collected evidences, focusing on one of the most traditional airlines in the world. This article is a positivist case study, based in the positivist understanding; because it is supported by objective facts of the situation which are informed by the researcher's interpretive understanding according to it is recommended for this type of study. Findings: The application of the Analytical Model for the Assessment of Airline Expansion Strategies above referred was successful, considering that the model was able to explain a wide range of complex aspects of the Avianca's development. Thus, being one of the oldest airlines in continued operation in the world, the expansion process of this airline is connected to many political, sociological and economic facets - ie., its general environment - of its mother country, Colombia. The analytical model offered the opportunity to explore these issues in a detailed manner, adding a broader comprehension of this airline that goes beyond its operating and economic analysis.Originality/value: They reside on the fact that this is the first time that this analytical model is applied to study extensively an actual situation. Besides, airlines in Latin America have not been widely covered by the academia and this is an opportunity to begin to fill this gap. Furthermore, the referred analytical model is applicable to organizations or firms that operate in other industries if the proper adjustments are made. Implications: The implications for the academic research are to understand that the reasons for the success or failure of an airline in an expansion process may be explained by the suitability between the expansion strategy followed by this airline, its business model, its operating environment and its general environment. Moreover, this article demonstrates that the analysis of the suitability of the expansion strategy followed by a specific airline may be made in the light of a solidly founded analytical framework. ; Peer Reviewed

Purpose: This article aims to apply to the case of Avianca Airlines the Analytical Model for the Assessment of Airline Expansion Strategies developed by Moreira (2014) in order to explain the rationale of the expansion strategy followed by this airline and indicate other possible expansion strategies. Design/methodology/approach: This article is a case study in the sense that it aims to arrive to broad generalizations based on the collected evidences, focusing on one of the most traditional airlines in the world. This article is a positivist case study, based in the positivist understanding; because it is supported by objective facts of the situation which are informed by the researcher's interpretive understanding according to it is recommended for this type of study. Findings: The application of the Analytical Model for the Assessment of Airline Expansion Strategies above referred was successful, considering that the model was able to explain a wide range of complex aspects of the Avianca's development. Thus, being one of the oldest airlines in continued operation in the world, the expansion process of this airline is connected to many political, sociological and economic facets - ie., its general environment - of its mother country, Colombia. The analytical model offered the opportunity to explore these issues in a detailed manner, adding a broader comprehension of this airline that goes beyond its operating and economic analysis.Originality/value: They reside on the fact that this is the first time that this analytical model is applied to study extensively an actual situation. Besides, airlines in Latin America have not been widely covered by the academia and this is an opportunity to begin to fill this gap. Furthermore, the referred analytical model is applicable to organizations or firms that operate in other industries if the proper adjustments are made. Implications: The implications for the academic research are to understand that the reasons for the success or failure of an airline in an expansion process may be explained by the suitability between the expansion strategy followed by this airline, its business model, its operating environment and its general environment. Moreover, this article demonstrates that the analysis of the suitability of the expansion strategy followed by a specific airline may be made in the light of a solidly founded analytical framework. ; Peer Reviewed

After a half century of overtly inward-oriented policies, Brazil finally moved to open its trade regime in the early 1990s. Being one the last countries to make this move in a region that notoriously lagged behind East Asia, Brazil was quick to implement a comprehensive trade liberalization program, which had strong unilateral and regional components. In roughly five years, tariffs were slashed, nontariff barriers were removed, and Mercosur became a reality. Later on, even the possibility of a free trade zone for the hemisphere was entertained. Yet this initial momentum lost steam in the mid-1990s, undermined by inhospitable macroeconomic and international environments. When, at the turn of the century, the right macroeconomic policies were finally put in place and Brazil began to enjoy the benefits of a commodity boom, a new government took over that clearly had a skeptical view of trade. Despite initial concern, however, the political transition did not bring a significant policy reversal. But trade policy reform never regained its momentum, despite its unfinished agenda. This paper examines this agenda and argues that if Brazil really wants to fully enjoy the growth and welfare benefits of trade, it needs to further lower and rationalize its structure of protection; adopt a more aggressive, World Trade Organization-plus, policy to open markets abroad; design a regional integration strategy that makes sense to its smaller partners; and bring trade facilitation, particularly transport costs, to the core of its trade agenda.

A emergência da China levanta dúvidas sobre o futuro da indústria na América Latina. Embora a teoria de comércio tradicional e três gerações de tigres asiáticos já tenham questionado a capacidade da região de obter participação expressiva no mercado mundial de manufaturados, a China, com oferta ilimitada de mão-de-obra, rápido crescimento da produtividade, escala massiva e estado intervencionista, leva esse questionamento às últimas conseqüências. Este artigo procura discutir a natureza e as implicações desse questionamento.

ABSTRACT The superiority of industrial performance in East Asian countries, particularly in the face of their counterparts in Latin America, had a strong impact on the debate about the relationship between state intervention and industrial performance. The structuralist paradigm was quickly replaced by a new orthodoxy whose recipe for success is a minimalist state and an open economy. This article seeks to show that, although the opening of the economy is a fundamental ingredient, its complement is not a minimalist state, but an interventionist one. Not the Latin American type, but one that restricts its actions to major market failures.

Using the growth accounting and factor content approaches, this article looks at the impact of trade liberalisation on the structure and level of employment in Brazil over the 1990-97 period. The results support the argument that trade liberalisation in developing countries has a negative short-term impact on employment which tends to be outweighed, in the long run, by a more labour-intensive output mix. (DSE/DÜI)

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of trade liberalization on the Brazilian manufacturing industry over the 1989-96 period. To this end, a series of indicators is examined which shed light on the technical efficiency and allocational effects of the liberalization process. The results obtained suggest that the impacts were, in general, positive and consistent both with predictions of the studies of international trade and with patterns of Brazil's industrialization. Yet, they also point to a number of challenges to be faced by the state, particularly with regard to deficiencies that affect international interaction in manufacturing and that threaten the gains from trade. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)