Suchergebnisse

This article examines violence against the Mapuche society in the process of its forced incorporation into the Chilean state during the 20th century. Through the analysis of archival sources and oral history, the authors reconstruct the effects of republican colonialism on the loss of Mapuche political and territorial sovereignty, as well as processes of minorization, obliteration, banishment and persecution of Mapuchezugun (language) and Mapuche Kimün (Mapuche knowledge). These processes are understood as consequences of racial subordination and the interaction of different generations in what is conceptualized as "spaces of civilization". ; Este artigo examina a violência exercida sobre a sociedade mapuche, no contexto de sua incorporação forçada ao Estado no Chile durante o século XX. Mediante a análise de fontes de arquivo e desde a história oral, reconstroem-se os efeitos do colonialismo republicano na perdida da soberania política e territorial mapuche; assim como os processos de minorização, obliteração, desterro e persecução do mapuchezugun (idioma) e mapuche kimün (conhecimento mapuche), como consequência da subordinação racial e a interação de diferentes gerações no que conceitualizamos como "espaços de civilização". ; Este artículo examina la violencia ejercida sobre la sociedad mapuche, en el contexto de su incorporación forzada al Estado en Chile durante el siglo XX. Mediante el análisis de fuentes de archivo y desde la historia oral, se reconstruyen los efectos del colonialismo republicano en la pérdida de la soberanía política y territorial mapuche; así como los procesos de minorización, obliteración, destierro y persecución del mapuchezugun (idioma) y mapuche kimün (conocimiento mapuche), como consecuencia de la subordinación racial y la interacción de diferentes generaciones en lo que conceptualizamos como "espacios de civilización".

El diagnóstico organizacional es una herramienta utilizada por las organizaciones para detectar áreas de oportunidad e implementar a través de una intervención, planes de acción estratégicos que permitan el desarrollo integral de la empresa. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer las principales metodologías y modelos de diagnóstico e intervención organizacional que pueden ser utilizadas por las organizaciones. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos como Scopus, Elsevier, Redalyc, Dialnet, Scielo y Google Académico. Se utilizaron descriptores de búsqueda como, fundamentos teóricos del diagnóstico organizacional, intervención organizacional, modelos y metodologías de diagnóstico más utilizados por las organizaciones. Los registros obtenidos se limitaron al periodo del 2008 al 2022, obteniendo 50 documentos de los cuales se seleccionaron 30 para su análisis incluyendo artículos científicos, libros y tesis que manifestaban una metodología clara para el diagnóstico y la intervención organizacional. Los resultados muestran que el diagnóstico organizacional, presenta dos unidades de análisis; la organizacional y la de comportamiento humano. Para la intervención organizacional, se identificaron tres modelos, el relacionado con los cambios estructurales, con el comportamiento humano y con las alteraciones que surjan entre la estructura y el comportamiento humano. Se concluye que el diagnóstico y la intervención organizacional, son métodos de gran valor para las organizaciones que apuestan por el crecimiento y la competitividad, sin embargo, son procesos complejos que se abordan desde diversas perspectivas, las cuales, deben analizarse a profundidad.

There is increasing global interest in the potential commercial development of methane gas hydrate as a widespread and abundant unconventional source of natural gas. Previous work has focussed on understanding the nature and distribution of the resource, and potential recovery technology, neglecting assessment of the associated social, economic and environmental consequences. This gap needs to be addressed for any commercial gas hydrate development business case to succeed. Here we develop a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) protocol of gas hydrate development using the ELECTRE III method. Our protocol proposes criteria that evaluate the social, environmental and economic impacts of gas hydrate development proposals, which are weighted to represent the priorities of six identified stakeholder groups. We have tested the protocol on potential commercial gas hydrate development in Alaska through a series of interviews. Our results show that there is no universal preference structure, even within stakeholder groups, indicating that buy-in from all groups is a complex compromise. However, there are two fundamentally opposing groups, one composed of individuals from governmental and industry backgrounds who prioritise economic criteria, and another represented by members of the local community and environmental advocates who prioritise social and environmental criteria. The protocol concludes that gas hydrate development in Alaska is unlikely to be supported under present-day conditions. This work provides the first structured foundation for comprehensive assessment of future development proposals of gas hydrate or other natural resources.

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de las diferentes técnicas de implantación de iones desde los implantadores por haces iónicos, utilizados en la fabricación de semiconductores, pasando por una serie de desarrollos con base en la tecnología de la física del plasma, hasta llegar a la técnica denominada Implantación Iónica Tridimensional (3DII). Para cada una de las técnicas de implantación iónica se presentan los dispositivos más comunes y se analizan sus características principales. Para el caso de la Implantación Iónica Tridimensional se describe el equipo JUPITER (Joint Universal Plasma and Ion Technologies Experimental Reactor), único en el mundo, para la investigación de descargas pulsadas de alto voltaje a bajas presiones y para el tratamiento superficial de materiales. Este dispositivo se implementó en el Laboratorio de Física del Plasma y Corrosión de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, con la colaboración financiera de COLCIENCIAS y con la cooperación de la Universidad Técnica Estatal Bauman de Moscú.Palabras Clave: Implantación iónica tridimensional; descarga de alto voltaje; nitruración.

This work takes thermodynamic modelling through computer science for incubation process at domestic birds, that has presented energy consumption significantly high than energy used in processes. Thus, a data analysis was applied upon variables of temperature and relative humidity for heating zones, trying to know how much energy supplied by source was used, as well as, voltage and current variables are measured in the same moment that temperature and relative humidity are acquired. Then, data analysis was done using artificial neural networks models with samples obtained from sensors, where real process is highly time- variant, fixing environment conditions at the moment required. Therefore, with this system has been obtained an air flow of 3.4375 10−2 m3/J using a anemometer respect to electrical energy supplied by fans, giving 9.4818 W of average power using ceramics resistances, and testing an adaptive controller where its variables are fitted using equations obtained from data analysis. In contrast, colombian farmers have decreased economic conditions to maintain them productions due to free trade agreements implemented lastly, indeed this system was developed using open- source software and hardware to avoid costs in acquisition by licensing politicians or periodic subscription to a specific product developed by companies.

Se reportan las propiedades termofísicas a temperatura ambiente, de polvos de arcilla rojas elaborados por procesos de atomización (Spray-Dried), en función de la presión de compactación aplicada para un rango entre 50 y 250 kg/cm2. La técnica experimental utilizada fue la de flujo lineal transitorio de calor, usando el sistema KD2 Pro. La distribución granulométrica se determinó por tamizado, encontrándose que el tamaño de grano varía entre 75 y 600 μm, donde el 43,6% de la muestra se encuentra en el rango entre 250 y 425 μm, mientras que el 1,8% presenta un tamaño de grano inferior a 75 μm. El porcentaje de humedad presente en la muestra durante el proceso de compactación fue entre el 6 y el 7 %. La compactación de la muestra se realizó usando prensa hidráulica y un molde cilíndrico de acero con diámetro interior 44,45 mm (1¾"), diámetro exterior 57,15 mm (2¼") y una altura de 203,2 mm (8"). Los parámetros térmicos medidos experimentalmente, fueron la conductividad térmica (k) y la difusividad térmica (α), mientras que la efusividad térmica (ε) y el calor específico por unidad de volumen (ρc), se calcularon usando los valores de k y α y las expresiones y E=k/α y p.c=k/α . El comportamiento de la propiedad térmica, en función de la presión de compactación (p), se analizó mediante el ajuste a los datos experimentales usando el software Origin Pro Ver. 7.0. Analizando el comportamiento de la densidad en función de la presión, se encontró que la presión aparente de cadencia fue po= 153 Kg/cm2=15 Mpa, es decir que para el rango de presiones entre 50 y 150 Kg/cm2, los gránulos en la muestra se deforma elásticamente, sin que exista fractura en éstos, pero que a partir de po los gránulos inician el proceso de deformación o fractura, reduciendo el volumen de los grandes intersticios o la porosidad intergranular. Los resultados reportados en este trabajo, serán utilizados en la optimización de los procesos de producción en las empresa Cerámicas.Palabras clave: presión de compactación, propiedades termofísicas, arcillas por spray dried

Background: Lifestyle could influence the course of hereditary ataxias, but representative data are missing. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize lifestyle in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) and investigate possible associations with disease parameters. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, data on smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, physiotherapy, and body mass index (BMI) were collected from 243 patients with SCA3 and 119 controls and tested for associations with age of onset, disease severity, and progression. Results: Compared with controls, patients with SCA3 were less active and consumed less alcohol. Less physical activity and alcohol abstinence were associated with more severe disease, but not with progression rates or age of onset. Smoking, BMI, or physiotherapy did not correlate with disease parameters. Conclusion: Differences in lifestyle factors of patients with SCA3 and controls as well as associations of lifestyle factors with disease severity are likely driven by the influence of symptoms on behavior. No association between lifestyle and disease progression was detected. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society ; Funding agencies: This publication is an outcome of the European Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease initiative (ESMI), an EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) project (see www.jpnd.eu). The project is supported through the following funding organizations under the aegis of JPND: Germany, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (funding codes 01ED1602A/B); The Netherlands, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; Portugal, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT); United Kingdom, Medical Research Council. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant 643417. At the US sites, this work was in part supported by the National Ataxia Foundation and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant R01 NS080816. P.G. is supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre. P.G. receives also support from the North Thames Clinical Research Network (CRN). P.G. and H.G.M. work at University College London Hospitals/University College London, which receives a proportion of funding from the Department of Health's National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. P.G. received funding from CureSCA3 in support of H.G.M.'s work. This work was moreover supported, in part, by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) No. 441409627, as part of the Progression chart of Spastic ataxias (PROSPAX) consortium under the frame of the European Joint Programme on Rare Diseases (EJP RD), under the EJP RD COFUND-EJP N 825575 (to M.S., B.v.W,) and Grant 779257 "Solve-RD" from the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program to M.S.

Background: Given that new therapeutic options for spinocerebellar ataxias are on the horizon, there is a need for markers that reflect disease-related alterations, in particular, in the preataxic stage, in which clinical scales are lacking sensitivity. Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify regional brain volumes and upper cervical spinal cord areas in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 in vivo across the entire time course of the disease. Methods: We applied a brain segmentation approach that included a lobular subsegmentation of the cerebellum to magnetic resonance images of 210 ataxic and 48 preataxic spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 mutation carriers and 63 healthy controls. In addition, cervical cord cross-sectional areas were determined at 2 levels. Results: The metrics of cervical spinal cord segments C3 and C2, medulla oblongata, pons, and pallidum, and the cerebellar anterior lobe were reduced in preataxic mutation carriers compared with controls. Those of cervical spinal cord segments C2 and C3, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellar lobules crus II and X, cerebellar white matter, and pallidum were reduced in ataxic compared with nonataxic carriers. Of all metrics studied, pontine volume showed the steepest decline across the disease course. It covaried with ataxia severity, CAG repeat length, and age. The multivariate model derived from this analysis explained 46.33% of the variance of pontine volume. Conclusion: Regional brain and spinal cord tissue loss in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 starts before ataxia onset. Pontine volume appears to be the most promising imaging biomarker candidate for interventional trials that aim at slowing the progression of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society ; Funding agencies: This publication is an outcome of ESMI, an EU Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) Project (see www.jpnd.eu). The project is supported under the aegis of JPND through the following funding organizations: Germany, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; funding codes 01ED1602A/B); Netherlands, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; Portugal, Foundation for Science and Technology and Regional Fund for Science and Technology of the Azores; United Kingdom, Medical Research Council. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 643417. At the US sites this work was in part supported y the National Ataxia Foundation and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) grant R01 NS080816. The Center for Magnetic Resonance Research is supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) grant P41 EB027061, and the Institutional Center Cores for Advanced Neuroimaging award P30 NS076408 and S10 OD017974 grant.

With molecular treatments coming into reach for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), easily accessible, cross-species validated biomarkers for human and preclinical trials are warranted, particularly for the preataxic disease stage. We assessed serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy (pNfH) in ataxic and preataxic subjects of two independent multicentric SCA3 cohorts and in a SCA3 knock-in mouse model. Ataxic SCA3 subjects showed increased levels of both NfL and pNfH. In preataxic subjects, NfL levels increased with proximity to the individual expected onset of ataxia, with significant NfL elevations already 7.5 years before onset. Cross-sectional NfL levels correlated with both disease severity and longitudinal disease progression. Blood NfL and pNfH increases in human SCA3 were each paralleled by similar changes in SCA3 knock-in mice, here also starting already at the presymptomatic stage, closely following ataxin-3 aggregation and preceding Purkinje cell loss in the brain. Blood neurofilaments, particularly NfL, might thus provide easily accessible, cross-species validated biomarkers in both ataxic and preataxic SCA3, associated with earliest neuropathological changes, and serve as progression, proximity-to-onset and, potentially, treatment-response markers in both human and preclinical SCA3 trials. ; Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant 779257 Solve-RD to MS and RS), the National Ataxia Foundation (grant to CW and MS), the Wilhelm Vaillant Stiftung (grant to CW), the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) through participating national funding agencies, and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 643417. BM was supported in part from the grant NKFIH 119540. HJ was funded by the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg. CB was funded by the University of Basel (PhD Program in Health Sciences). The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the manuscript.

Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-3 gene. Although no curative therapy is yet available, preclinical gene-silencing approaches to reduce polyglutamine (polyQ) toxicity demonstrate promising results. In view of upcoming clinical trials, quantitative and easily accessible molecular markers are of critical importance as pharmacodynamic and particularly as target engagement markers. Objective: We aimed at developing an ultrasensitive immunoassay to measure specifically polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods: Using the novel single molecule counting ataxin-3 immunoassay, we analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal patient biomaterials. Results: Statistical analyses revealed a correlation with clinical parameters and a stability of polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 during conversion from the pre-ataxic to the ataxic phases. Conclusions: The novel immunoassay is able to quantify polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 in plasma and CSF, whereas ataxin-3 levels in plasma correlate with disease severity. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated a high stability of polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 over a short period. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society ; Funding agencies: This project is supported by the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) through the following funding organizations under the aegis of JPND: Germany, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; funding codes 01ED1602A/B); Netherlands, The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; Portugal, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, grant number JPCOFUND/0001/2015), and Regional Fund for Science and Technology of the Azores; and United Kingdom, Medical Research Council. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement number 643417. In addition, support has been received by the BIONIC project (number 733050822, which has been made possible by ZonMW as part of "Memorabel," the research and innovation program for dementia, as part of the Dutch national "Deltaplan for Dementia": zonmw.nl/dementiaresearch), the CAF[1]E project (the National Institutes of Health, USA, grant number 5R01NS104147-02), and a grant from the Selfridges Group Foundation (NR170024). The BIONIC project is a consortium of Radboudumc, LUMC, ADX Neurosciences, and Rhode Island University.