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Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Sweden has evolved through cycles related to political views about the role it should play in the development of society, particularly concerning employability and social cohesion. From the 1950s onwards, public authorities have mostly carried out VET, and up to the late 1980s responsibility lay with the central government. In the early 1990s decentralisation started, and the responsibility and financing shifted to the municipalities. This article analyses these transitions in VET by focusing particularly on four models of organisation. The main intention of the article is to provide a springboard for discussion regarding the consequences of specific lines of development in VET. At a time when VET models in countries like Germany and Switzerland have become a reference of expected development; it is of paramount importance to examine the context specific aspects before attempting any further use of international experience.

Vocational Education and Training (VET) in Sweden has evolved through cycles related to political views about the role it should play in the development of society, particularly concerning employability and social cohesion. From the 1950s onwards, public authorities have mostly carried out VET, and up to the late 1980s responsibility lay with the central government. In the early 1990s decentralisation started, and the responsibility and financing shifted to the municipalities. This article analyses these transitions in VET by focusing particularly on four models of organisation. The main intention of the article is to provide a springboard for discussion regarding the consequences of specific lines of development in VET. At a time when VET models in countries like Germany and Switzerland have become a reference of expected development; it is of paramount importance to examine the context specific aspects before attempting any further use of international experience.

Issues of equity, equality and equivalence are currently a cross-national concern; policy making in education takes importance notice of social and political demands largely associated to different notions of social justice. Conceptualization and empirical studies remains, nevertheless, a controversial endeavour due to the variety of aspects underpinning the discourses on these categories. Cross-national comparative studies however, need a well-defined conceptual and methodological framework. In this article it is argued that the current debate on conceptual and methodological issues could benefit from the contributions of social and cultural reproduction theory and a pluralistic methodological approach to comparative studies. The article contains no answers but perspectives on the various questions and challenges; the purpose of this article is to make an initial contribution to the ongoing debate on conceptualization of these categories and to highlight some of the challenges of cross-national comparative studies in this subject.Equidad, igualdad y equivalencia en los sistemas educativos es en la actualidad un tema de interés para la comunidad académica en diferentes contextos. El diseño de políticas educativas en diferentes marcos nacionalespresta atención a exigencias políticas y sociales estrechamente vinculadas adiferentes conceptos de justicia social. La conceptualización y la realización de estudios empíricos se hacen controversiales debido a la diversidad deaspectos en los cuales se sustenta el discurso en relación con estas tres categorías. La investigación comparativa necesita sin embargo de un claro marco conceptual y metodológico para poder operar. Este artículo argumenta queel actual debate de aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos puede beneficiarse considerablemente de contribuciones como la teoría de reproducción culturaly de un enfoque metodológico más plural a los estudios comparativos. El artículo no pretende dar respuesta a las problemáticas que aborda; su propósito fundamental es contribuir al debate actual en estudios de comparativos de equidad en educación y resaltar algunos de los desafíos más importantes para estudios comparativos sobre esta temática

The design of vocational didactics has to meet special requirements. Six core assumptions are identified: outcome orientation, cultural-historical embedding,
horizontal structure, vertical structure, temporal structure, and the changing nature of work. Different approaches and discussions from school-based systems (Spain and Sweden) and dual systems (Denmark, Germany and Norway) are presented in this special issue. From an inside or national perspective, the solutions show a high cultural-historical dependency. From an outside or cross-national perspective, contingency and alternative possibilities become visible. The combination of both perspectives could enable continuity as well as innovation. This is the basic
assumption of the presented collection about vocational didactics.

Refugee youth in protracted humanitarian contexts are faced with limited access to quality education. They may sustain traumatic experiences from conflicts and discrimination yet have limited psychosocial support access. Comprehending the magnitude and effects of these challenges is vital for designing and executing educational interventions in such contexts. This study evaluates the implementation quality of the Youth Education Pack intervention through the lens of the Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies minimum standards framework. It explores the types of discrimination experienced by refugee youth in the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya. Nine participants comprising refugee students (N = 2), former refugee students (N = 2), teachers (N = 3), and project supervisors (N = 2) participated in the study. The first author conducted interviews and observations in the camp. The data were qualitatively coded deductively and analysed in Nvivo 12. We found that the YEP intervention faced contextual challenges that hindered the achievement of the implementation quality standards outlined in the INEE minimum standards for education. Refugee youth and refugee teachers experienced various forms of discrimination, including at individual, institutional, and structural levels. We conclude that providing refugee youth with an inclusive and high-quality education is central to providing secure and long-term solutions to their challenges and adversities and may promote their psychosocial wellbeing.