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International audience ; E-commerce has grown to enormous proportion, disrupting entire industries. Far from being virtual, e-commerce has a huge physical imprint and features a "mountainous" geography. Its uneven diffusion is driven by political, social and economic factors. All other things being equal, people buy more online in wealthy, well-connected countries, regions and communities. The case of China, by far the leading country for e-commerce and M-commerce, is unique: large parts of the country have "leapfrogged" from poverty straight into the digital economy. The geographic versatility of e-commerce is challenging public regulations: online retailers seek to avoid taxes on sales and income, and the growth of Web-based, customer-to-customer hospitality has got out of control in many cities, driving a backlash from local governments. Logistics is the cornerstone of e-commerce and the most visible part of its value chain. Major online retailers operate huge networks of warehouse and drive the growth of parcel express carriers such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL. Fast, reliable delivery is the critical part of the business, notably the final leg or 'last mile' to customers' homes. E-commerce is often made the scapegoat for the crisis of the retail industry which has materialized in store and shopping mall closures, and the bankruptcy of famous retail chains, notably in the U.S. However, experts and scholars consider that "physical" and virtual commerce are converging-rather than colliding-toward "omnichannel" models. In rural areas, e-commerce may drive the decline of small stores, but also play an inclusive role, connecting consumers and local producers to the global economy.

International audience ; E-commerce has grown to enormous proportion, disrupting entire industries. Far from being virtual, e-commerce has a huge physical imprint and features a "mountainous" geography. Its uneven diffusion is driven by political, social and economic factors. All other things being equal, people buy more online in wealthy, well-connected countries, regions and communities. The case of China, by far the leading country for e-commerce and M-commerce, is unique: large parts of the country have "leapfrogged" from poverty straight into the digital economy. The geographic versatility of e-commerce is challenging public regulations: online retailers seek to avoid taxes on sales and income, and the growth of Web-based, customer-to-customer hospitality has got out of control in many cities, driving a backlash from local governments. Logistics is the cornerstone of e-commerce and the most visible part of its value chain. Major online retailers operate huge networks of warehouse and drive the growth of parcel express carriers such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL. Fast, reliable delivery is the critical part of the business, notably the final leg or 'last mile' to customers' homes. E-commerce is often made the scapegoat for the crisis of the retail industry which has materialized in store and shopping mall closures, and the bankruptcy of famous retail chains, notably in the U.S. However, experts and scholars consider that "physical" and virtual commerce are converging-rather than colliding-toward "omnichannel" models. In rural areas, e-commerce may drive the decline of small stores, but also play an inclusive role, connecting consumers and local producers to the global economy.

International audience ; E-commerce has grown to enormous proportion, disrupting entire industries. Far from being virtual, e-commerce has a huge physical imprint and features a "mountainous" geography. Its uneven diffusion is driven by political, social and economic factors. All other things being equal, people buy more online in wealthy, well-connected countries, regions and communities. The case of China, by far the leading country for e-commerce and M-commerce, is unique: large parts of the country have "leapfrogged" from poverty straight into the digital economy. The geographic versatility of e-commerce is challenging public regulations: online retailers seek to avoid taxes on sales and income, and the growth of Web-based, customer-to-customer hospitality has got out of control in many cities, driving a backlash from local governments. Logistics is the cornerstone of e-commerce and the most visible part of its value chain. Major online retailers operate huge networks of warehouse and drive the growth of parcel express carriers such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL. Fast, reliable delivery is the critical part of the business, notably the final leg or 'last mile' to customers' homes. E-commerce is often made the scapegoat for the crisis of the retail industry which has materialized in store and shopping mall closures, and the bankruptcy of famous retail chains, notably in the U.S. However, experts and scholars consider that "physical" and virtual commerce are converging-rather than colliding-toward "omnichannel" models. In rural areas, e-commerce may drive the decline of small stores, but also play an inclusive role, connecting consumers and local producers to the global economy.

International audience ; E-commerce has grown to enormous proportion, disrupting entire industries. Far from being virtual, e-commerce has a huge physical imprint and features a "mountainous" geography. Its uneven diffusion is driven by political, social and economic factors. All other things being equal, people buy more online in wealthy, well-connected countries, regions and communities. The case of China, by far the leading country for e-commerce and M-commerce, is unique: large parts of the country have "leapfrogged" from poverty straight into the digital economy. The geographic versatility of e-commerce is challenging public regulations: online retailers seek to avoid taxes on sales and income, and the growth of Web-based, customer-to-customer hospitality has got out of control in many cities, driving a backlash from local governments. Logistics is the cornerstone of e-commerce and the most visible part of its value chain. Major online retailers operate huge networks of warehouse and drive the growth of parcel express carriers such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL. Fast, reliable delivery is the critical part of the business, notably the final leg or 'last mile' to customers' homes. E-commerce is often made the scapegoat for the crisis of the retail industry which has materialized in store and shopping mall closures, and the bankruptcy of famous retail chains, notably in the U.S. However, experts and scholars consider that "physical" and virtual commerce are converging-rather than colliding-toward "omnichannel" models. In rural areas, e-commerce may drive the decline of small stores, but also play an inclusive role, connecting consumers and local producers to the global economy.

International audience ; E-commerce has grown to enormous proportion, disrupting entire industries. Far from being virtual, e-commerce has a huge physical imprint and features a "mountainous" geography. Its uneven diffusion is driven by political, social and economic factors. All other things being equal, people buy more online in wealthy, well-connected countries, regions and communities. The case of China, by far the leading country for e-commerce and M-commerce, is unique: large parts of the country have "leapfrogged" from poverty straight into the digital economy. The geographic versatility of e-commerce is challenging public regulations: online retailers seek to avoid taxes on sales and income, and the growth of Web-based, customer-to-customer hospitality has got out of control in many cities, driving a backlash from local governments. Logistics is the cornerstone of e-commerce and the most visible part of its value chain. Major online retailers operate huge networks of warehouse and drive the growth of parcel express carriers such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL. Fast, reliable delivery is the critical part of the business, notably the final leg or 'last mile' to customers' homes. E-commerce is often made the scapegoat for the crisis of the retail industry which has materialized in store and shopping mall closures, and the bankruptcy of famous retail chains, notably in the U.S. However, experts and scholars consider that "physical" and virtual commerce are converging-rather than colliding-toward "omnichannel" models. In rural areas, e-commerce may drive the decline of small stores, but also play an inclusive role, connecting consumers and local producers to the global economy.

International audience ; The academic literature on the so-called " creative class " and the flourishing of freelance, " knowledge workers " is today overabundant. However, by elaborating on the concept of reputation, A. Gandini brings to light a " missing element " in the theory of the knowledge economy. Following a cross-disciplinary approach (economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science), the author explains how reputation has become the vital, intangible asset of independent knowledge workers.

International audience ; The academic literature on the so-called " creative class " and the flourishing of freelance, " knowledge workers " is today overabundant. However, by elaborating on the concept of reputation, A. Gandini brings to light a " missing element " in the theory of the knowledge economy. Following a cross-disciplinary approach (economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science), the author explains how reputation has become the vital, intangible asset of independent knowledge workers.

International audience ; The academic literature on the so-called " creative class " and the flourishing of freelance, " knowledge workers " is today overabundant. However, by elaborating on the concept of reputation, A. Gandini brings to light a " missing element " in the theory of the knowledge economy. Following a cross-disciplinary approach (economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science), the author explains how reputation has become the vital, intangible asset of independent knowledge workers.

International audience ; The academic literature on the so-called " creative class " and the flourishing of freelance, " knowledge workers " is today overabundant. However, by elaborating on the concept of reputation, A. Gandini brings to light a " missing element " in the theory of the knowledge economy. Following a cross-disciplinary approach (economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science), the author explains how reputation has become the vital, intangible asset of independent knowledge workers.

International audience ; The academic literature on the so-called " creative class " and the flourishing of freelance, " knowledge workers " is today overabundant. However, by elaborating on the concept of reputation, A. Gandini brings to light a " missing element " in the theory of the knowledge economy. Following a cross-disciplinary approach (economics, sociology, anthropology, and political science), the author explains how reputation has become the vital, intangible asset of independent knowledge workers.

Malgré une accessibilité médiocre et des contraintes de site fortes, l'aire urbaine de Grenoble est un pôle technologique internationalement reconnu dans le domaine des micro et nanotechnologies. Le territoire présente les critères d'un "milieu innovant", avec une alliance forte et ancienne entre les entreprises, les universités et laboratoires publics, les collectivités. Grenoble était au milieu du 19ème siècle la capitale de la ganterie, une industrie de main d'œuvre qui a entièrement disparu. Pour expliquer la mutation de ce centre industriel provincial, il faut recourir à une analyse "évolutionniste". Les racines du développement économique et technologique grenoblois sont anciennes. Au moment de la Seconde Révolution industrielle, les élites locales ont su mobiliser les atouts naturels du territoire pour faire de Grenoble la capitale de l'hydro-électricité, ce secteur entraînant à sa suite mécanique, métallurgie, chimie. Une succession de cycles d'innovation "de Schumpeter" conduit alors à l'électronique, à l'informatique, puis aux nano et biotechnologies. Mais l'explication doit prendre en compte le rôle constant, depuis 1914, du complexe militaro-industriel, qui met à profit les ressources énergétiques et la situation géographique de la ville par rapport aux champs de bataille réels ou potentiels. Les contrastes sociaux très forts, la quasi "mono-activité" technologique et industrielle, sont deux défis à relever pour asseoir le développement durable d'une ville qui "hésite à devenir une métropole"

Malgré une accessibilité médiocre et des contraintes de site fortes, l'aire urbaine de Grenoble est un pôle technologique internationalement reconnu dans le domaine des micro et nanotechnologies. Le territoire présente les critères d'un "milieu innovant", avec une alliance forte et ancienne entre les entreprises, les universités et laboratoires publics, les collectivités. Grenoble était au milieu du 19ème siècle la capitale de la ganterie, une industrie de main d'œuvre qui a entièrement disparu. Pour expliquer la mutation de ce centre industriel provincial, il faut recourir à une analyse "évolutionniste". Les racines du développement économique et technologique grenoblois sont anciennes. Au moment de la Seconde Révolution industrielle, les élites locales ont su mobiliser les atouts naturels du territoire pour faire de Grenoble la capitale de l'hydro-électricité, ce secteur entraînant à sa suite mécanique, métallurgie, chimie. Une succession de cycles d'innovation "de Schumpeter" conduit alors à l'électronique, à l'informatique, puis aux nano et biotechnologies. Mais l'explication doit prendre en compte le rôle constant, depuis 1914, du complexe militaro-industriel, qui met à profit les ressources énergétiques et la situation géographique de la ville par rapport aux champs de bataille réels ou potentiels. Les contrastes sociaux très forts, la quasi "mono-activité" technologique et industrielle, sont deux défis à relever pour asseoir le développement durable d'une ville qui "hésite à devenir une métropole"

Malgré une accessibilité médiocre et des contraintes de site fortes, l'aire urbaine de Grenoble est un pôle technologique internationalement reconnu dans le domaine des micro et nanotechnologies. Le territoire présente les critères d'un "milieu innovant", avec une alliance forte et ancienne entre les entreprises, les universités et laboratoires publics, les collectivités. Grenoble était au milieu du 19ème siècle la capitale de la ganterie, une industrie de main d'œuvre qui a entièrement disparu. Pour expliquer la mutation de ce centre industriel provincial, il faut recourir à une analyse "évolutionniste". Les racines du développement économique et technologique grenoblois sont anciennes. Au moment de la Seconde Révolution industrielle, les élites locales ont su mobiliser les atouts naturels du territoire pour faire de Grenoble la capitale de l'hydro-électricité, ce secteur entraînant à sa suite mécanique, métallurgie, chimie. Une succession de cycles d'innovation "de Schumpeter" conduit alors à l'électronique, à l'informatique, puis aux nano et biotechnologies. Mais l'explication doit prendre en compte le rôle constant, depuis 1914, du complexe militaro-industriel, qui met à profit les ressources énergétiques et la situation géographique de la ville par rapport aux champs de bataille réels ou potentiels. Les contrastes sociaux très forts, la quasi "mono-activité" technologique et industrielle, sont deux défis à relever pour asseoir le développement durable d'une ville qui "hésite à devenir une métropole"

Malgré une accessibilité médiocre et des contraintes de site fortes, l'aire urbaine de Grenoble est un pôle technologique internationalement reconnu dans le domaine des micro et nanotechnologies. Le territoire présente les critères d'un "milieu innovant", avec une alliance forte et ancienne entre les entreprises, les universités et laboratoires publics, les collectivités. Grenoble était au milieu du 19ème siècle la capitale de la ganterie, une industrie de main d'œuvre qui a entièrement disparu. Pour expliquer la mutation de ce centre industriel provincial, il faut recourir à une analyse "évolutionniste". Les racines du développement économique et technologique grenoblois sont anciennes. Au moment de la Seconde Révolution industrielle, les élites locales ont su mobiliser les atouts naturels du territoire pour faire de Grenoble la capitale de l'hydro-électricité, ce secteur entraînant à sa suite mécanique, métallurgie, chimie. Une succession de cycles d'innovation "de Schumpeter" conduit alors à l'électronique, à l'informatique, puis aux nano et biotechnologies. Mais l'explication doit prendre en compte le rôle constant, depuis 1914, du complexe militaro-industriel, qui met à profit les ressources énergétiques et la situation géographique de la ville par rapport aux champs de bataille réels ou potentiels. Les contrastes sociaux très forts, la quasi "mono-activité" technologique et industrielle, sont deux défis à relever pour asseoir le développement durable d'une ville qui "hésite à devenir une métropole"

Malgré une accessibilité médiocre et des contraintes de site fortes, l'aire urbaine de Grenoble est un pôle technologique internationalement reconnu dans le domaine des micro et nanotechnologies. Le territoire présente les critères d'un "milieu innovant", avec une alliance forte et ancienne entre les entreprises, les universités et laboratoires publics, les collectivités. Grenoble était au milieu du 19ème siècle la capitale de la ganterie, une industrie de main d'œuvre qui a entièrement disparu. Pour expliquer la mutation de ce centre industriel provincial, il faut recourir à une analyse "évolutionniste". Les racines du développement économique et technologique grenoblois sont anciennes. Au moment de la Seconde Révolution industrielle, les élites locales ont su mobiliser les atouts naturels du territoire pour faire de Grenoble la capitale de l'hydro-électricité, ce secteur entraînant à sa suite mécanique, métallurgie, chimie. Une succession de cycles d'innovation "de Schumpeter" conduit alors à l'électronique, à l'informatique, puis aux nano et biotechnologies. Mais l'explication doit prendre en compte le rôle constant, depuis 1914, du complexe militaro-industriel, qui met à profit les ressources énergétiques et la situation géographique de la ville par rapport aux champs de bataille réels ou potentiels. Les contrastes sociaux très forts, la quasi "mono-activité" technologique et industrielle, sont deux défis à relever pour asseoir le développement durable d'une ville qui "hésite à devenir une métropole"