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Affordance theory, originating in ecological psychology but adopted by the field of design studies, refers to possibilities for action that a subject perceives in an environment. I posit Black spatial affordance, critically employing affordances with an eye toward Black ecological and geographical practices, and I apply it to the Great Migration residential landscape and literature. Grounded in racial capitalist critique, Black geographic thought, and cultural critique at the intersections of race, place, and performance, Black spatial affordance works as an analytic to engage Black quotidian practice in racially circumscribed and delineated places and spaces. Operating at multiple scales, Black spatial affordance engages the specificity of places structured by racism to analyze the micro-level spatial negotiations Black subjects devise and employ in recognition of the terrain through which they move or are emplaced. Employing Black spatial affordance enables critical inquiry into the spatial navigation of subjects who occupy marginal positions in society.

The endowment effect, which is well documented in the contingent valuation literature, alters people's preferences according to a reference point established in an elicitation question. In particular, the utility that people place on a bundle is both a positive function of the quantities of the goods comprising the bundle, and a negative function of any loss (real or hypothetical) that the elicitation question asks them to incur. Biases such as this have lead some to reject the contingent valuation method as a means of quantifying costs and benefits in favour of other methods of preference elicitation such as standard gambles. But, most preference elicitation methods used by economists require people to express their preferences for one good in terms of their willingness to forego some of another good. Consequently, it is reasonable to expect that, and prudent to check whether, an endowment effect is also evident in other methods of preference elicitation such as von Neumann‐Morgenstern's standard gambles. Internal inconsistencies in the standard gamble method from the experimental economics literature and from a study into the value of non‐fatal road injuries are shown to be evidence that an endowment effect is also at work in standard gambles.

Using a general equilibrium model that is completely free of macroeconomic aggregates, this paper addresses some questions that are central to macroeconomics. Keynes' underemployment equilibrium is replicated, but it is illustrated that this result rests on the assumption that stockholders are so pessimistic that they save (hoard) all unanticipated dividends for a rainy day. If stockholders spend their unanticipated dividends in the next time period it is illustrated that unemployment will converge to zero over time. This process can be speeded by wage adjustments but will occur with or without wage flexibility. In addition, some fairly plausible scenarios involving overfull employment and inflation are presented. Finally, it is illustrated that if the producers in the model attempt to maneuver labor shortages to their advantage, they may be met with unanticipated results.

Possibility of political and social instability in the Soviet Union affecting command and control of its nuclear arsenal, leading to accidental or unauthorized launch.

Diskussion der Bedeutung einer neuen Weltwirtschaftsordnung für Afrika. Die Unabhängigkeitsbewegung hat die wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit von den USA und den früheren Kolonialmächten nicht gemindert. Allerdings sind Ziele und Vorschläge der Gruppe 77 kaum in Ansätzen verwirklicht. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden angegeben: die allgemeinen Grundsätze einer neuen Weltwirtschaftsordnung; die spezifischen afrikanischen Bedingungen; Elemente der Bewußtseinsbildung; Übergang von ursprünglich eher nationalistischen und isolationistischen Bestrebungen zu neuen Formen der Zusammenarbeit mit den Metropolen, vor allem in den Bereichen Ressourcenumverteilung und technisch-wissenschaftlicher Austausch. (DÜI-Wsl)