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The application of the biological principle of evolution has found a number of contemporary applications within the analysis of business activities. The application of these scientific principles is considered appropriate in a further application within the development of legal principles particularly in the context of the ongoing development of the European Union as a significant business environment. It is proposed within this paper that direct parallels may be drawn between the evolutionary principle of biological speciation and the emergence of legal principles within separate national boundaries. Contemporary principles of biological evolution are also considered in respect of the development of primary legislation which act on the development of law in a punctuated manner. These principles are examined in respect of the continued debates surrounding company law within the European Union, in particular the persistence of national legislation dealing with corporate mobility. In examining the appropriateness of applying biological evolution to the development of EU company law consideration is given to the development and functioning of the Societas Europaea (European Company) in respect of its legal environment.

There is a growing concern amongst football supporters, government and the wider community about the increasing level of financial and operational difficulties facing many of today's professional football clubs. The focus of much of this concern currently centers on the many of the clubs owners and where their interests really lie. Clubs that were once the cornerstones of local communities run with sporting success as the primary motivator are seemingly becoming the 'playthings' of wealthy individuals with no links to the community or the clubs history. This paper details a history of club ownership in the Premier League through to present day. It then examines current regulation in the football industry and focuses on the applicability of Section 172 of the Companies Act 2006. The paper concludes by detailing alternative forms of ownership as a possible solution to one of footballs most enduring corporate governance challenges.

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Molecular daily rhythms can be captured by precisely timed tissue harvests from groups of animals. This protocol will allow the investigator to identify transcriptional rhythms in the mouse liver while also providing a template for similar analyses in other whole metabolic organs. We describe steps for mouse entrainment, liver dissection, and rhythmicity analysis from total RNA sequencing data. The resulting rhythmic transcriptome will provide the user with a starting point for defining specific biological processes that undergo daily rhythms. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Koronowski et al. (2019). A similar protocol for interfollicular epidermal cells is demonstrated in Welz et al. (2019). ; The IRB Barcelona is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MINECO award SEV-2015-0505). K.B.K. was supported by NIH-NIDDK (award F32DK121425). T.M. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 754510.