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Few studies have explored how schools respond to competition in socially embedded education quasi-markets. This study focuses on how state-subsidized privately-run low-fee schools (S-LFPSs) compete with free public schools in some of the poorest neighborhoods of the City of Buenos Aires. In particular, we explore how S-LFPSs follow different logics of action to attract (and shape) enrollment profiting from their extended autonomy and some regulatory gaps. We applied discourse analysis on data from eight months of ethnographic case study research in nine S-LFPSs. Student selection and operational changes (e.g., increasing the student/teacher ratio) prevail over academic and curricular changes. Selection is operated by means of aptitude tests and screening interviews, and other symbolic artifacts aimed at signaling differences with state-run schools and the potential fit between schools and families. We present a heuristic typology of the different logics of action systematizing the schools' responses as their leading orientations toward the competitive environment. We suggest that policy inconsistencies and deficient governmental oversight tilt the field against state-run schools. Rather than ensuring equality of educational opportunity, the policy contributes to shape and deepen a highly segregated and inequitable educational landscape. ; Pocos estudios han explorado cómo las escuelas responden a la competencia en contextos de cuasi mercados socialmente estructurados. Este estudio examina cómo las escuelas privadas subvencionadas de bajo coste (S-LFPSs) compiten con las escuelas públicas en algunos de los barrios más pobres de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. En particular, exploramos cómo las S-LFPSs adoptan diferentes lógicas de acción para atraer (y seleccionar) matricula, haciendo uso de su mayor grado de autonomía y aprovechando ciertos vacíos legales. Analizamos datos recopilados durante ocho meses de trabajo etnográfico en nueve S-LFPSs. La selección de alumnos y los cambios operacionales (e.g., aumentar la ratio alumnos/docente) prevalecen sobre cambios los académicos y curriculares. La selección se lleva a cabo a través de pruebas aptitudinales y entrevistas diagnósticas, y otros artefactos simbólicos a fin de diferenciarse de las escuelas estatales. Presentamos una tipología heurística de diferentes lógicas de acción, sistematizando las principales respuestas de las escuelas en un contexto competitivo. Sugerimos que dadas las inconsistencias en las políticas y el deficiente control gubernamental, la política de subsidios profundiza un escenario educativo altamente segregado y desigual. ; Poucos estudos têm explorado como as escolas respondem à concorrência em contextos sociais de quase-mercados. Este estudo examina como as escolas particulares subvencionadas com baixo custo (S-LFPSs) concorrem com as escolas públicas em alguns bairros dos mais pobres da Cidade de Buenos Aires. Especificamente, exploramos como as S-LFPSs adotam diferentes estratégias para atrair (e escolher) matriculados, aproveitando a sua autonomia e a falta de legislação. O analises foi feito a partir da compilação de dados feito em oito meses de trabalho etnográfico em nove S-LFPSs. A seleção de alunos e as mudanças operacionais (e.g. aumentar a proporção aluno/professor) são priorizados sobre mudanças académicas e curriculares. A seleção e feita com testes de aptidão entrevistas de avaliação e outros dispositivos simbólicos com o objetivo de se diferenciar das escolas públicas. Presentamos uma tipologia heurística com diferentes estratégias de ação, ao sistematizar as principais respostas das escolas num contexto de concorrência. Nossa sugestão, a partir das inconsistências geradas nas definições políticas e o inadequado controle governamental, é que a política de subvencionar aprofunda um cenário educativo altamente segregado e desigual.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly perceived as an appropriate policy approach to provide education for all in many different contexts. Key education stakeholders suggest that, by partnering with the private sector, governments can expand their education systems in a more efficient and effective way. For this and other reasons, many governments are establishing PPP frameworks within their education systems. This is happening in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries, and in countries with very different administrative, financial, and political situations, including those affected by crisis and conflict. Nonetheless, in education, PPP frameworks cover many policy options and follow very diverse rationales. As such, one of the main objectives of this framing paper is to unpack PPPs as a policy category and to reflect on its different translations and implications in the educational sector. Specifically, the paper argues that not all the PPP policy options and rationales are equally appropriate to achieve the expected goals in all types of education settings.

En 1999, se aprobó en la Provincia de San Luis (Argentina) la creación de las denominadas 'Escuelas Experimentales Autogestionadas', inspiradas en el modelo charter norteamericano aunque con importantes diferencias. Este artículo describe la experiencia y explora las circunstancias por las que el proyecto fue desarticulado y abandonado prematuramente. El estudio incluyó un profundo análisis documental y entrevistas con referentes del proyecto, ex-funcionarios del Ministerio de Educación e integrantes de las asociaciones adjudicatarias. Se encontraron profundas incompatibilidades entre los principios rectores del proyecto - democratización, cooperativismo, autonomía y pluralidad -, las prácticas del sistema político provincial, y las estructuras y lógicas de poder tradicionales organizadas a nivel nacional. ; In 1999, the Province of San Luis (Argentina) approved the creation of the so-called 'Escuelas Experimentales Autogestionadas ' inspired by the North-American charter schools but with important differences. This article explores the circumstances under which the project was dismantled and abandoned prematurely. The study included a thorough documental analysis and interviews with leaders of the project, former officials of the Ministry of Education and members of the associations that ran these schools. We found strong incompatibilities between the guiding principles of the project, i.e. democratization, cooperativeness, autonomy and plurality, the practices of the provincial rentier political system, and the structures and traditional logics of power bureaucratically organized at the national level. ; En 1999, la création de ce qu'on appelle Escuelas Experimentales Autogestionadas a été approuvée à San Luis (Argentine), inspirées par les écoles charter des États-Unis, mais avec des différences importantes. Cet article explore les circonstances dans lesquelles le projet a été démantelé et abandonné prématurément. L'étude a compris une analyse approfondie de documents et des entrevues avec les référents du projet, ex-fonctionnaires du Ministère de l'Éducation et des membres des associations en charge des écoles. Nous avons trouvé incompatibilités profondes parmi les principes directeurs du projet - démocratisation, coopération, indépendance et pluralité - les pratiques du système politique provincial et des structures et logiques de pouvoir traditionnel organisées bureaucratiquement à l›échelle nationale.

In comparison with other forms of public-private partnerships (PPP) in education of more recent emergence such as voucher programs or charter schools inspired by the postulates of the theory of public choice, supply-side subsidies for private schools usually respond to less explicit theories of change. Indeed, most of these policies are addressed by specialized literature as unique and highly idiosyncratic arrangements, rather than examples of a particular variety of PPP. The frequent absence of a theory of change that explicitly presents the assumptions, objectives and mechanisms of this type of policy, makes it necessary to reconstruct it from a perspective of policy sociology based on the analysis of the behavior of agents and economic, political, institutional and cultural drivers that lie behind their adoption in each particular context. Based on a review of the literature and the analysis of the legislative debates of the 1947-2006 period, this article seeks to examine the process of adoption of the regulatory framework defined by the policy of supply-side subsidies for private schools in Argentina from an evolutionary perspective of political and cultural economy. The article distinguishes three periods for analytical purposes among which an evolutionary logic of nonlinear continuity prevails, subject to the contextual vagaries and driven by different actors in the field of ideas and political practice. ; En comparación con otras modalidades de alianza público-privada (public-private partnerships o PPP) en educación de surgimiento más reciente como los programas de vouchers o escuelas charter inspirados en los postulados de la teoría de la elección pública, las políticas de subvención estatal a la oferta suelen responder a teorías del cambio menos explícitas. La mayoría de estas políticas son abordadas por la literatura como arreglos singulares y altamente idiosincrásicos, en lugar de ejemplos de una variedad particular de PPP. A partir de una revisión de la literatura y del análisis de los debates legislativos del período 1947-2006, este artículo procura examinar el proceso de adopción del marco político-regulatorio definido por la política de subvenciones a escuelas privadas en Argentina desde una perspectiva evolutiva de economía política y cultural. Se distinguen tres períodos a efectos analíticos entre los cuales prima una lógica evolutiva de continuidad no lineal sujeta a los vaivenes contextuales e impulsados por distintos actores en el campo de las ideas y la práctica política. ; Em comparação com outras modalidades de parcerias público-privadas (public-private partnerships ou PPP) na educação de emergências mais recentes, tais como programas de vouchers ou escolas charter inspirados nos postulados da teoria da escolha pública, as políticas de subsídios de suprimento do estado geralmente respondem a teorias de mudança menos explícitas. De fato, a maioria dessas políticas é abordada pela literatura especializada como arranjos únicos e altamente idiossincráticos, ao invés de exemplos de uma variedade particular de PPP. A frequente ausência de uma teoria da mudança exaustivamente explícita pressupostos, objetivos e mecanismos deste tipo de política exige reconstruir a partir da perspectiva da sociologia da política a partir da análise do comportamento dos agentes económicos e as condições econômicas, políticas, questões institucionais e culturais que estão por trás de sua adoção em cada contexto particular. A partir de uma revisão da literatura e análise dos debates legislativos do período 1947-2006, este artigo pretende analisar o processo de adopção do quadro político e regulamentar definido pela política de subsídios para escolas particulares na Argentina a partir de uma perspectiva evolutiva da economia política e cultural. Artigo distingue três períodos para fins analíticos, incluindo uma lógica evolutiva da não-linear continuidade contextual sujeitos a flutuações e conduzido por diferentes atores no campo das ideias e prática política.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/01203916.70rce27.45This article analyzes teacher strikes in Argentina during 2006-2012. It stands out how teacher strikes prevail over claims from other unions, and are shown to be relevant events for education policy just for some provinces and only for public schools. We found that none of the policy measures implemented over the last decade has proven to be effective in reducing conflict. Analyzing a dataset on labour unrest, this study builds an index of teacher labour conflict to better understand the evolution of teacher strikes over time and under the various provincial governments that integrate the Argentinian federal education system. The article shows no correlation between teacher labour unrest and the growth of private enrolment. However, we note that despite the lack of statistical correlation, teacher strikes should not be ruled out as an explanatory variable of the increase in private education in Argentina. ; Este artículo analiza las huelgas docentes en Argentina para el periodo 2006-2012. Se destaca cómo las huelgas de maestros prevalecen sobre los reclamos de otros sindicatos y constituyen eventos relevantes solo para algunas provincias, y solo para las escuelas públicas. Se advierte que ninguna de las medidas de política educativa aplicadas en el periodo ha sido eficaz en la reducción de conflictos. A partir del análisis de un conjunto de datos sobre conflictividad laboral, el estudio construye un índice de conflictividad docente (tci) para comprender mejor el comportamiento de las huelgas de maestros en el tiempo y bajo los distintos gobiernos provinciales que integran el sistema educativo federal argentino. El análisis muestra que no existe una correlación entre la conflictividad laboral docente y el crecimiento de la matrícula privada. Por último, advertimos que a pesar de la falta de correlación observada, el conflicto laboral docente no debe descartarse como variable explicativa del aumento de la educación privada en la Argentina.

Las políticas pro-privatización son un componente cada vez más importante en los procesos de reforma educativa en muchos puntos del planeta. América Latina es la región en la que la privatización educativa ha avanzado de forma más acusada en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, la literatura académica sobre el tema es todavía escasa y son pocos los trabajos que adoptan una perspectiva regional. El objetivo de este artículo es desensamblar la naturaleza, condicionantes y variantes de la economía política de la privatización educativa en Latinoamérica, y establecer una tipología de trayectorias a través de las cuales avanza la privatización de la educación en dicha región. A partir de la triangulación de tres métodos de recolección de datos (la revisión y sistematización de 169 estudios sobre los procesos de privatización educativa en Latinoamérica, el análisis de fuentes estadísticas, y la realización de entrevistas con informantes clave) hemos identificado las siguientes trayectorias: 1) la privatización como parte de la reforma estructural del Estado; 2) la privatización como reforma incremental; 3) la privatización 'por defecto' y la emergencia de escuelas privadas de bajo coste; 4) las alianzas públicoprivadas históricas; 5) la privatización por vía del desastre; y 6) la privatización latente. Ahora bien, cabe tener en cuenta que en algunos países se produce una sedimentación de diferentes políticas y procesos pro-privatización donde convergen mecanismos característicos de más de una trayectoria. ; Pro-privatization policies are an increasingly important component in educational reform processes in many parts of the world. Latin America is the region in which educational privatization has advanced more sharply in recent decades. However, the academic literature on the subject is still scarce and there are few works that adopt a regional perspective. The objective of this article is to disassemble the nature, conditions and variants of the political economy of educational privatization in Latin America, and establish a typology of 'paths' through which educational privatization has advanced in the continent. Drawing on the triangulation of three methods of data collection (review and systematization of 169 studies on the processes of educational privatization in Latin America, analysis of statistical sources, and interviews with key informants), we have identified the following paths: 1) privatization as part of the structural reform of the State; 2) privatization as an incremental reform; 3) 'default' privatization and the emergence of low-cost private schools; 4) historical public-private partnerships; 5) privatization via disaster; and 6) latent privatization. In some countries there is a sedimentation of different pro-privatization policies and processes where elements of different paths tend to converge.

Pro-privatization policies are an increasingly important component in educational reform processes in many parts of the world. Latin America is the region in which educational privatization has advanced more sharply in recent decades. However, the academic literature on the subject is still scarce and there are few works that adopt a regional perspective. The objective of this article is to disassemble the nature, conditions and variants of the political economy of educational privatization in Latin America, and establish a typology of 'paths' through which educational privatization has advanced in the continent. Drawing on the triangulation of three methods of data collection (review and systematization of 169 studies on the processes of educational privatization in Latin America, analysis of statistical sources, and interviews with key informants), we have identified the following paths: 1) privatization as part of the structural reform of the State; 2) privatization as an incremental reform; 3) 'default' privatization and the emergence of low-cost private schools; 4) historical public-private partnerships; 5) privatization via disaster; and 6) latent privatization. In some countries there is a sedimentation of different pro-privatization policies and processes where elements of different paths tend to converge.

Este artículo ofrece una revisión de la producción académica que ha intentado analizar las causas del proceso de privatización de la educación en Argentina. Se delimitan ocho explicaciones paradigmáticas que condensan las diversas interpretaciones y construcciones teóricas surgidas en los últimos veinte años referidas a la cuestión de la privatización, y se identifican sus logros y limitaciones empíricas y hermenéuticas. El artículo culmina postulando una explicación estructural en la que se verifican algunos elementos de otras explicaciones a la vez que se resignifican procesos de carácter micropolítico que, por su inobjetable consistencia intertemporal, evidencian la existencia de una política de Estado de privatización. ; This article provides a review of the academic production that has aimed to analyze the causes of the process of privatization of education in Argentina. It presents eight paradigmatic explanations that summarize the different interpretations and theoretical constructions that have emerged in the last twenty years regarding privatization, and identifies their achievements as well as empirical and hermeneutical limitations. The last section offers a structural explanation that draws on some of the elements present in other explanations while re-signifying micro-political processes that, due to their undeniable inter-temporal consistency, demonstrate the existence of a State policy of privatization. ; Cet article propose une révision de la production académique qui a essayé d'analyser les causes du processus de privatisation de l'éducation en Argentine. Les conquêtes et limitations empiriques et herméneutiques de ce processus ont été identifiées à travers huit explications paradigmatiques qui condensent les diverses interprétations et constructions théoriques fournies durant ces vingt dernières années concernant la privatisation. Le postulat de l'article repose sur une explication structurale dans laquelle certains éléments issus d'autres explications sont vérifiés et certains processus à caractère micropolitique ressignifiés. De par leur indéniable consistance intertemporelle, ces derniers mettent en évidence l'existence d'une politique de privatisation de l'Etat. ; Este artigo oferece uma revisão da produção acadêmica que tentou analisar as causas do processo de privatização da educação na Argentina. São delimitadas oito explicações paradigmáticas que condensam as diversas interpretações e construções teóricas surgidas nos últimos vinte anos referentes à questão da privatização, identificando-se suas conquistas e limitações empíricas e hermenêuticas. O artigo culmina postulando uma explicação estrutural na qual verificam-se alguns elementos de outras explicações, enquanto são ressignificados processos de caráter micropolítico que, por sua inegável consistência intertemporal, evidenciam a existência de uma política de Estado de privatização.

This article analyzes teacher strikes in Argentina during 2006-2012. It stands out how teacher strikes prevail over claims from other unions, and are shown to be relevant events for education policy just for some provinces and only for public schools. We found that none of the policy measures implemented over the last decade has proven to be effective in reducing conflict. Analyzing a dataset on labour unrest, this study builds an index of teacher labour conflicte to better understand the evolution of teacher strikes over time and under the various provincial governments that integrate the Argentinian federal education system. The article shows no correlation between teacher labour unrest and the growth of private enrolment. However, we note that despite the lack of statistical correlation, teacher strikes should not be ruled out as an explanatory variable of the increase in private education in Argentina. ; Este artículo analiza las huelgas docentes en Argentina para el periodo 2006-2012. Se destaca cómo las huelgas de maestros prevalecen sobre los reclamos de otros sindicatos y constituyen eventos relevantes solo para algunes provincias, y solo para las escuelas públicas. Se advierte que ninguna de las medidas de política educativa aplicadas en el periodo ha sido eficaz en la reducción de conflictos. A partir del análisis de un conjunto de datos sobre conflictividad laboral, el estudio construye un índice de conflictividad docente (tci) para comprender mejor el comportamiento de las huelgas de maestros en el tiempo y bajo los distintos gobiernos provinciales que integran el sistema educativo federal argentino. El análisis muestra que no existe una correlación entre la conflictividad laboral docente y el crecimiento de la matrícula privada. Por último, advertimos que a pesar de la falta de correlación observada, el conflicto laboral docente no debe descartarse como variable explicativa del aumento de la educación privada en la Argentina. ; Este artigo analisa as greves docentes na Argentina para o período 2006-2012. Destaca-se como as greves de professores prevalecem sobre os reclamos de outros sindicatos, e constituem eventos relevantes só para algumas províncias, e só para as escolas públicas. Adverte-se que nenhuma das medidas de política educativa aplicadas no período, tem sido eficaz na redução de conflitos. A partir da análise de um conjunto de dados sobre conflito do trabalho, o estudo constituí um índice de conflito docente (tci) para compreender melhor o comportamento de graves de professores no tempo, e baixo os distintos governos provinciais que integram o sistema educativo federal argentino; a análise mostra que não existe uma correlação entre o conflito de trabalho docente e o crescimento da matrícula particular. Por último, advertimos que a pesar da falta de correlação observada, o conflito de trabalho docente no deve descartar-se como variável explicativa do aumento da educação particular na Argentina.

"This text explores how the dynamics of globalization and privatization have influenced state policy and impacted education reform in Honduras. Chapters document historical trends and the evolution of Honduras as a post-colonial nation, before looking in detail at recent state interventions in policy at pre-school, elementary, and secondary level. By offering empirical analysis of the Honduran education sector, the changing role and priorities of the state, and the increasing involvement of international organizations, NGOs, and private actors in the provision of education, the text increases understanding of how state theory interacts with broader global dynamics to impact education. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with a focus on international and comparative education, policy analysis, globalization, and international development"--

"This text explores how the dynamics of globalization and privatization have influenced state policy and impacted education reform in Honduras. Chapters document historical trends and the evolution of Honduras as a post-colonial nation, before looking in detail at recent state interventions in policy at pre-school, elementary, and secondary level. By offering empirical analysis of the Honduran education sector, the changing role and priorities of the state, and the increasing involvement of international organizations, NGOs, and private actors in the provision of education, the text increases understanding of how state theory interacts with broader global dynamics to impact education. This text will benefit researchers, academics, and educators with a focus on international and comparative education, policy analysis, globalization, and international development"--

This article intends to analyze recent educational policy developments in the Dominican Republic and notes the ways in which a series of new non-state actors participate in the education reform processes. Drawing on a triangulation between scoping literature review, document analysis, and in-depth interviews with policymakers, government officials, cooperation agencies, international organizations, and philanthropic organizations, the article explores the development of new forms of privatization of education policymaking. The results show that there is a clear reconfiguration of the government structure of the educational system towards a new structure of 'governance', which includes international organizations, international cooperation agencies, the business sector. ; Este artículo analiza los desarrollos recientes de política educativa en la República Dominicana prestando atención a los modos en que una serie de nuevos actores no estatales participan de los procesos de reforma educativa. A partir de entrevistas en profundidad con policymakers, representantes del gobierno, agencias de cooperación, organismos internacionales y organizaciones filantrópicas, se explora el desarrollo de nuevas formas de privatización en los procesos de producción de política educativa. Se advierte una clara reconfiguración de la estructura de gobierno del sistema educativo hacia una nueva estructura de 'gobernanza' de la que forman parte organismos internacionales, agencias de cooperación internacional, el sector empresarial y diversas organizaciones de la sociedad civil. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os desenvolvimentos recentes da política educacional na República Dominicana, prestando atenção às maneiras pelas quais uma série de novos atores não estatais participam dos processos de reforma educacional. Partindo da triangulação entre uma revisão da literatura do tipo scoping, análise de documentos e entrevistas em profundidade com formuladores de políticas, representantes governamentais, agências de cooperação, organizações internacionais e organizações filantrópicas, o desenvolvimento de novas formas de privatização nos processos de produção de políticas educacionais. Os resultados mostram uma reconfiguração clara da estrutura de governo do sistema educacional em direção a uma nova estrutura de 'governança' que inclui organizações internacionais, agências de cooperação internacional, o setor empresarial e várias organizações da sociedade civil.