Suchergebnisse

A arqueologia é conhecida como ferramenta de desenvolvimento econômico assim como meio de engajamento social. O nível municipal está sendo, cada vez mais, visto como o meio privilegiado para a proteção do patrimônio cultural arqueológico e a participação cidadã. Enquanto sitio do patrimônio mundial da UNESCO, a cidade de Quebec desenvolveu uma abordagem conectando governança e participação publica, assim como legislação e prática. O programa arqueológico da cidade de Quebec conta entre os mais antigos no Canadá e ilustra as evoluções na governança e na prática arqueológicas desde os últimos cinquenta anos. Os arqueólogos da cidade de Quebec trabalham atualmente em preparar um plano diretor arqueológico no contexto da atualização da legislação do patrimônio na província canadense de Quebec. Este plano será acompanhado por politicas e programas pensados para favorecer o interesse público bem como promover a participação da população nesse processo de gestão e valorização desse patrimônio. ; Archaeology is recognized as a tool for economic development and for social engagement. The municipal level is increasingly seen as the locus for protecting archaeological heritage resources and for engaging the public. Being responsible for a UNESCO World Heritage site, the municipal government of the City of Québec has developed an approach that stands at the juncture of governance and public participation, of legislation and practice. The municipal government has one of the longest-standing archeology programmes in Canada and has been a witness to changes in governance and practice over the past half century. City archaeologists are currently preparing an archaeological master plan in the context of renewed heritage legislation in the province of Québec. This will be accompanied by policies and programmes designed to foster public interest and promote public participation in the process. ; L'archéologie est reconnue comme instrument d'engagement social et de développement économique. Le palier municipal est de plus en plus reconnu comme lieu de prédilection pour la protection du patrimoine culturel archéologique et plus l'implication citoyenne. En tant que site du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, la Ville de Québec a élaboré une approche qui fait le pont entre la gouvernance et la participation publique, entre la législation et la pratique. Le programme archéologique élaboré par la Ville se compte parmi les plus anciens au Canada et peut témoigner des changements à la gouvernance et à la pratique depuis un demi-siècle. Les archéologues municipaux préparent présentement un plan directeur dans le contexte d'une législation sur le patrimoine récemment renouvelée par la province de Québec. Ce plan sera accompagné par une politique et de programmes facilitant la participation des citoyens au processus de gestion et de mise en valeur de ce patrimoine.

The author takes a look at archives management in the People's Republic of China. He discusses history, structure (institutions and processes), characteristics and modernization of the archives. The author notes that Chinese archivists have participated in the shift in the past 15 years from serving "class struggle" to serving "socialist construction". (DÜI-Sen)

FrontMatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Child Health in Complex Emergencies -- OVERVIEW -- CARE OF CHILDREN IN COMPLEX EMERGENCIES -- METHODOLOGY -- REVIEW OF THE PUBLISHED LITERATURE -- CURRENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN CARE -- GUIDELINES FOR CARE -- RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE GUIDELINES -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Survey Respondents and Instruments -- Appendix B Summary of Comprehensive Guidelines -- Appendix C About the Authors.

Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction: Thinking Globally and Acting Locally-Exploring the Relationships Between Community, Archaeological Heritage, and Local Government -- Introduction -- Urban Archaeology Versus Municipal Archaeology -- The Focus of This Book -- The Case Studies in the Book -- Section I -- Section II -- Conclusion -- References -- The Challenges and Accomplishments of Local Government Archaeology Programs in the Commonwealth of Nations -- 2 Planning Archaeology in World Cities: Looking at London -- Introduction -- A Brief Introduction to Greater London -- Archaeology and Planning -- The Background of London's Archaeology -- Part I: An Issue of Access and Funding -- Part II: The Rescue Movement and the Setting up of Archaeological Units -- Part III: A Change in the Organisational Landscape -- London's Archaeology Today -- An Archaeological Archive -- Roles, Partnerships and Communities -- Concluding Discussion: Why It Works, or Does It? -- References -- 3 Preservation, Participation and the Pursuit of Knowledge: Strategic Policy and Archaeological Practice Within the City of York 1989-2015 -- Introduction -- Before 1972 -- 1972-1989 -- 1989-2015 -- References -- 4 Crowdsourcing the Story of Bristol -- Introduction -- The Past in the Landscape -- Digitising Place -- The Heritage Information Cycle -- Getting to Know Your Place -- Crowdsourcing the Story of Place -- Towards a Shared Understanding -- Sourcing the Crowd -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Archaeological Resource Management in Toronto: Planning, Preservation, and Interpretation -- Introduction -- Legislative Background -- Toronto's Heritage Policies -- Archaeological Management Planning in Ontario: The Toronto Process -- Community Involvement and Public Outreach -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References

Abstract

Background
Almost two-thirds of refugees, internally displaced persons, returnees and other persons affected by humanitarian emergencies live in malaria endemic regions. Malaria remains a significant threat to the health of these populations.


Methods
Data on malaria incidence and mortality were analyzed from January 2006 to December 2009 from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Health Information System database collected at sites in Burundi, Chad, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, and Uganda. Data from three countries during 2006 and 2007, and all nine countries from 2008 to 2009, were used to describe trends in malaria incidence and mortality. Monthly counts of malaria morbidity and mortality were aggregated into an annual country rate averaged over the study period.


Results
An average of 1.18 million refugees resided in 60 refugee sites within nine countries with at least 50 cases of malaria per 1000 refugees during the study period 2008-2009. The highest incidence of malaria was in refugee sites in Tanzania, where the annual incidence of malaria was 399 confirmed cases per 1,000 refugees and 728 confirmed cases per 1,000 refugee children younger than five years. Malaria incidence in children younger than five years of age, based on the sum of confirmed and suspected cases, declined substantially at sites in two countries between 2006 and 2009, but a slight increase was reported at sites within four of seven countries between 2008 and 2009. Annual malaria mortality rates were highest in sites in Sudan (0.9 deaths per 1,000 refugees), Uganda and Tanzania (0.7 deaths per 1000 refugees each). Malaria was the cause of 16% of deaths in refugee children younger than five years of age in all study sites.


Conclusions
These findings represent one of the most extensive reports on malaria among refugees in post-emergency sites. Despite declines in malaria incidence among refugees in several countries, malaria remains a significant cause of mortality among children younger than five years of age. Further progress in malaria control, both within and outside of post-emergency sites, is necessary to further reduce malaria incidence and mortality among refugees and achieve global goals in malaria control and elimination.

Abstract

Background
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) refugee camps are located predominantly in rural areas of Africa and Asia in protracted or post-emergency contexts. Recognizing the importance of malaria, pneumonia and diarrheal diseases as major causes of child morbidity and mortality in refugee camps, we analyzed data from the UNHCR Health Information System (HIS) to estimate incidence and risk factors for these diseases in refugee children younger than five years of age.


Methods
Data from 90 UNHCR camps in 16 countries, including morbidity, mortality, health services and refugee health status, were obtained from the UNHCR HIS for the period January 2006 to February 2010. Monthly camp-level data were aggregated to yearly estimates for analysis and stratified by location in Africa (including Yemen) or Asia. Poisson regression models with random effects were constructed to identify factors associated with malaria, pneumonia and diarrheal diseases. Spatial patterns in the incidence of malaria, pneumonia and diarrheal diseases were mapped to identify regional heterogeneities.


Results
Malaria and pneumonia were the two most common causes of mortality, with confirmed malaria and pneumonia each accounting for 20% of child deaths. Suspected and confirmed malaria accounted for 23% of child morbidity and pneumonia accounted for 17% of child morbidity. Diarrheal diseases were the cause of 7% of deaths and 10% of morbidity in children under five. Mean under-five incidence rates across all refugee camps by region were: malaria [Africa 84.7 cases/1000 U5 population/month (95% CI 67.5-102.0), Asia 2.2/1000/month (95% CI 1.4-3.0)]; pneumonia [Africa 59.2/1000/month (95% CI 49.8-68.7), Asia 254.5/1000/month (95% CI 207.1-301.8)]; and diarrheal disease [Africa 35.5/1000/month (95% CI 28.7-42.4), Asia 69.2/1000/month (95% CI 61.0-77.5)]. Measles was infrequent and accounted for a small proportion of child morbidity (503 cases, < 1%) and mortality (6 deaths, < 1%).


Conclusions
As in stable settings, pneumonia and diarrhea are important causes of mortality among refugee children. Malaria remains a significant cause of child mortality in refugee camps in Africa and will need to be addressed as part of regional malaria control and elimination efforts. Little is known of neonatal morbidity and mortality in refugee settings, and neonatal deaths are likely to be under-reported. Global measles control efforts have reduced the incidence of measles among refugee children.