Suchergebnisse

Abstract Abstract: The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the regions with the most dynamic and intense military activity in the world. This is largely due to commercial and political interests linked to the region, which is crucial for global maritime trade and rich in natural resources. China is the most interested party in the SCS, claiming 90% of its entire area, a portion referred to by Beijing as the "nine-dash line." The present article seeks to analyse both quantitatively and qualitatively the influence of China on the military spending of four Southeast (SE) Asian countries that are also interested in the SCS: Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. For quantitative analysis, we used the data for military expenditure, armaments acquisition, the frequency and type of incidents involving national navies and/or civilians. For qualitative analysis, we retrieved information from hemerographic sources and official documents from the United States, China, SE Asian countries, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the World Bank (WB).

Este ensaio pretende explicar a falta de movimentos antinucleares robustos na Índia durante um período que vai desde os anos 1950 até aos anos 1970. Tais movimentos surgiram em todo o mundo. Durante os anos 60, as pessoas mobilizaram-se para esta agenda nos Estados Unidos, França, Reino Unido, e mesmo na Nova Zelândia. A Índia, por outro lado, testou seu dispositivo nuclear em 1974, no conhecido teste de Pokhran-I (ou "Smiling Buddah") mas não enfrentou uma contestação popular sobre tal matéria. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo aplicar uma análise de congruência dedutiva construída com base numa revisão bibliográfica. Um estudo de caso sobre o contexto indiano testou hipóteses previamente elaboradas. Foi inferido que este fenômeno foi causado por quatro elementos: (a) poucas possibilidades de participação pública; (b) pouca informação disponível sobre política nuclear; (c) falta de cisma político entre as elites nacionais e a sociedade civil sobre este tema; e, por fim, (d) dinâmica geopolítica. ; This essay aims to explain the lack of robust antinuclear movements in India during a period that ranges from the 1950s to the 1970s. Such movements arose throughout the world. During the 1960s, people rallied for this agenda in the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and even in New Zealand. India, on the other hand, tested a nuclear device in 1974, at the known Pokhran-I test (or "Smiling Buddha"), but did not face such grassroots uprisings. In this sense, this research design applied a deductive congruence analysis built on a bibliographical review. A case study on the Indian context tested previously elaborated the main hypotheses. It was inferred that this phenomenon was caused by four elements: (a) few possibilities to public participation; (b) scant available information on nuclear policy; (c) lack of a political schism between national elites and civil society on this topic; and at last (d) geopolitical dynamics.