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Ante el ascenso de Estados Unidos, el gobierno de España tomó conciencia de la importancia de celebrar el IV Centenario del Descubrimiento de América en 1892 y promover la idea de una "comunidad espiritual" con sus antiguas colonias, basada en un idioma, una religión y una historia comunes. Uno de los eventos organizados fue la Exposición Histórico-Americana en Madrid que pretendía "reconstruir el estado de civilización" en el que se encontraban los pobladores del continente americano a la llegada de los españoles.Las recién conformadas naciones hispanoamericanas, promovieron un movimiento sin precedentes encaminado a la recolección y catalogación de "antigüedades indígenas", que por primera vez serían las protagonistas de un evento de carácter internacional. Dicha exposición constituye así un espacio propicio para analizar el papel del hispanismo en la construcción de una imagen nacional alusiva al pasado prehispánico. Abstract At the end of the 19th century, before the rise of the United States as a world power, the Government of Spain became aware of the importance of commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America and promoting the idea of a "spiritual community" with its former colonies, based on common language, religion and history. One of the events planned for that purpose was the Historic-American Exhibition, organized in Madrid in 1892. The goal of this exhibition was to rebuild the "state of civilization" in which the settlers of the American continent had been living prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. The newly formed Latin American nations promoted an unprecedented movement, aimed at collecting and cataloguing "indigenous antiquities", which for the first time would be the protagonists of an event of international character. This exhibition is an ideal space to analyze the role of Hispanism in the construction of a national image related to the pre-hispanic past.

Ante el ascenso de Estados Unidos, el gobierno de España tomó conciencia de la importancia de celebrar el IV Centenario del Descubrimiento de América en 1892 y promover la idea de una "comunidad espiritual" con sus antiguas colonias, basada en un idioma, una religión y una historia comunes. Uno de los eventos organizados fue la Exposición Histórico-Americana en Madrid que pretendía "reconstruir el estado de civilización" en el que se encontraban los pobladores del continente americano a la llegada de los españoles.Las recién conformadas naciones hispanoamericanas, promovieron un movimiento sin precedentes encaminado a la recolección y catalogación de "antigüedades indígenas", que por primera vez serían las protagonistas de un evento de carácter internacional. Dicha exposición constituye así un espacio propicio para analizar el papel del hispanismo en la construcción de una imagen nacional alusiva al pasado prehispánico. Abstract At the end of the 19th century, before the rise of the United States as a world power, the Government of Spain became aware of the importance of commemorating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America and promoting the idea of a "spiritual community" with its former colonies, based on common language, religion and history. One of the events planned for that purpose was the Historic-American Exhibition, organized in Madrid in 1892. The goal of this exhibition was to rebuild the "state of civilization" in which the settlers of the American continent had been living prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. The newly formed Latin American nations promoted an unprecedented movement, aimed at collecting and cataloguing "indigenous antiquities", which for the first time would be the protagonists of an event of international character. This exhibition is an ideal space to analyze the role of Hispanism in the construction of a national image related to the pre-hispanic past.

[EN] Gene duplication generates new genetic material, which has been shown to lead to major innovations in unicellular and multicellular organisms. A whole-genome duplication occurred in the ancestor of Saccharomyces yeast species but 92% of duplicates returned to single-copy genes shortly after duplication. The persisting duplicated genes in Saccharomyces led to the origin of major metabolic innovations, which have been the source of the unique biotechnological capabilities in the Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. What factors have determined the fate of duplicated genes remains unknown. Here, we report the first demonstration that the local genome mutation and transcription rates determine the fate of duplicates. We show, for the first time, a preferential location of duplicated genes in the mutational and transcriptional hotspots of S. cerevisiae genome. The mechanism of duplication matters, with whole-genome duplicates exhibiting different preservation trends compared to small-scale duplicates. Genome mutational and transcriptional hotspots are rich in duplicates with large repetitive promoter elements. Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows more tolerance to deleterious mutations in duplicates with repetitive promoter elements, which in turn exhibit higher transcriptional plasticity against environmental perturbations. Our data demonstrate that the genome traps duplicates through the accelerated regulatory and functional divergence of their gene copies providing a source of novel adaptations in yeast. ; This study was supported by a grant (reference: FEDER-BFU2015-66073-P) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad-FEDER and a grant (reference: ACOMP/2015/026) from the local government Conselleria de Educacion Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana to M.A.F. C.T. was supported by a grant Juan de la Cierva from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (reference: JCA-2012-14056). ; Fares Riaño, MA.; Sabater-Muñoz, B.; Toft, C. (2017). Genome Mutational and ...

1229 1240 9 5 ; S ; [EN] Gene duplication generates new genetic material, which has been shown to lead to major innovations in unicellular and multicellular organisms. A whole-genome duplication occurred in the ancestor of Saccharomyces yeast species but 92% of duplicates returned to single-copy genes shortly after duplication. The persisting duplicated genes in Saccharomyces led to the origin of major metabolic innovations, which have been the source of the unique biotechnological capabilities in the Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. What factors have determined the fate of duplicated genes remains unknown. Here, we report the first demonstration that the local genome mutation and transcription rates determine the fate of duplicates. We show, for the first time, a preferential location of duplicated genes in the mutational and transcriptional hotspots of S. cerevisiae genome. The mechanism of duplication matters, with whole-genome duplicates exhibiting different preservation trends compared to small-scale duplicates. Genome mutational and transcriptional hotspots are rich in duplicates with large repetitive promoter elements. Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows more tolerance to deleterious mutations in duplicates with repetitive promoter elements, which in turn exhibit higher transcriptional plasticity against environmental perturbations. Our data demonstrate that the genome traps duplicates through the accelerated regulatory and functional divergence of their gene copies providing a source of novel adaptations in yeast. This study was supported by a grant (reference: FEDER-BFU2015-66073-P) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad-FEDER and a grant (reference: ACOMP/2015/026) from the local government Conselleria de Educacion Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana to M.A.F. C.T. was supported by a grant Juan de la Cierva from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (reference: JCA-2012-14056). Fares Riaño, MA.; Sabater-Muñoz, B.; Toft, C. (2017). Genome Mutational ...

[EN] Gene and genome duplication are the major sources of biological innovations in plants and animals. Functional and transcriptional divergence between the copies after gene duplication has been considered the main driver of innovations . However, here we show that increased phenotypic plasticity after duplication plays a more major role than thought before in the origin of adaptations. We perform an exhaustive analysis of the transcriptional alterations of duplicated genes in the unicellular eukaryote Sac- charomyces cerevisiae when challenged with five different environmental stresses. Analysis of the tran- scriptomes of yeast shows that gene duplication increases the transcriptional response to environmental changes, with duplicated genes exhibiting signatures of adaptive transcriptional patterns in response to stress. The mechanism of duplication matters, with whole-genome duplicates being more transcriptionally altered than small-scale duplicates. The predominant transcriptional pattern follows the classic theory of evolution by gene duplication; with one gene copy remaining unaltered under stress, while its sister copy presents large transcriptional plasticity and a prominent role in adaptation. Moreover, we find additional transcriptional profiles that are suggestive of neo- and subfunctionalization of duplicate gene copies. These patterns are strongly correlated with the functional dependencies and sequence divergence profiles of gene copies. We show that, unlike singletons, duplicates respond more specifically to stress, supporting the role of natural selection in the transcriptional plasticity of duplicates. Our results reveal the underlying transcriptional complexity of duplicated genes and its role in the origin of adaptations. ; This work was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (reference: BFU2015-66073-P) and a grant (reference: ACOMP/2015/026) from the local government Conselleria de Educacion Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte, Generalitat Valenciana to ...

Aim We describe the effectiveness and safety of the interferon-free regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV) in a nationwide representative sample of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus-1/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected population in Spain. Material and methods Data were collected from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, treated with OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV at 61 Spanish sites within the initial implementation year of the first government-driven "National HCV plan." Effectiveness was assessed by sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) and compared between monoinfected and coinfected patients using a non-inferiority margin of 5% and a 90% confidence interval (CI). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics or patients and adverse events (AEs) were also recorded. Results Overall, 2, 408 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 386 (16%) were patients with HIV/HCV. Patient selection reflected the real distribution of patients treated in each participating region in Spain. From the total population, 96.6% (95% CI, 95.8–97.3%) achieved SVR12. Noninferiority of SVR12 in coinfected patients was met, with a difference between monoinfected and coinfected patients of -2.2% (90% CI, -4.5% - 0.2%). Only genotype 4 was associated with non-response to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV treatment (p<0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Overall, 286 patients (11.9%) presented AEs potentially related to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV, whereas 347 (29.0%) presented AEs potentially related to ribavirin and 61 (5.1%) interrupted ribavirin. Conclusions Our results confirm that OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV is effective and generally well tolerated in a representative sample of the HCV monoinfected and HCV/HIV coinfected population in Spain within the experience of a national strategic plan to tackle HCV.

The design, study conduct, and financial support for the study were provided by AbbVie (https://www.abbvie.com/). AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the manuscript. Medical writing and editing services were provided by Medical Statistics Consulting (MSC) and funded by AbbVie. ; Aim We describe the effectiveness and safety of the interferon-free regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV) in a nationwide representative sample of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus-1/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected population in Spain. Material and methods Data were collected from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, treated with OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV at 61 Spanish sites within the initial implementation year of the first government-driven "National HCV plan." Effectiveness was assessed by sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) and compared between monoinfected and coinfected patients using a non-inferiority margin of 5% and a 90% confidence interval (CI). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics or patients and adverse events (AEs) were also recorded. Results Overall, 2,408 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 386 (16%) were patients with HIV/HCV. Patient selection reflected the real distribution of patients treated in each participating region in Spain. From the total population, 96.6% (95% CI, 95.8-97.3%) achieved SVR12. Noninferiority of SVR12 in coinfected patients was met, with a difference between monoinfected and coinfected patients of −2.2% (90% CI, −4.5% - 0.2%). Only genotype 4 was associated with non-response to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV treatment (p<0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Overall, 286 patients (11.9%) presented AEs potentially related to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV, whereas 347 (29.0%) presented AEs potentially related to ribavirin and 61 (5.1%) interrupted ribavirin. Conclusions ...