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This article reviews how European policy in gender equality has generated an impact on the lives of European women since reporting and data has been compiled, analysing if there is a potential improvement that could be attributed to the existence of a supranational body and supranational policy. The article will identify some of the structures, regulations and gender policy in the European Union and its potential impact on member states. For that purpose, a wealth of knowledge, which has been developed in the last years by feminist and gender scholars, will be considered and reinterpreted highlighting the most relevant arguments, approaches and debates. Similarly, I will draw on the European Union data and analysis available on the numerous reports developed by multiple EU institutions. Given the limitations of this study and the extensive reach of gender policy within the Union, after a general overview, I will focus briefly on the research sphere, where a series of developments have shown an optimistic picture, despite the possible critics to the level of engagement and effective leadership of the Union in this area

This article reviews how European policy in gender equality has generated an impact on the lives of European women since reporting and data has been compiled, analysing if there is a potential improvement that could be attributed to the existence of a supranational body and supranational policy. The article will identify some of the structures, regulations and gender policy in the European Union and its potential impact on member states. For that purpose, a wealth of knowledge, which has been developed in the last years by feminist and gender scholars, will be considered and reinterpreted highlighting the most relevant arguments, approaches and debates. Similarly, I will draw on the European Union data and analysis available on the numerous reports developed by multiple EU institutions. Given the limitations of this study and the extensive reach of gender policy within the Union, after a general overview, I will focus briefly on the research sphere, where a series of developments have shown an optimistic picture, despite the possible critics to the level of engagement and effective leadership of the Union in this area

This article reviews how European policy in gender equality has generated an impact on the lives of European women since reporting and data has been compiled, analysing if there is a potential improvement that could be attributed to the existence of a supranational body and supranational policy. The article will identify some of the structures, regulations and gender policy in the European Union and its potential impact on member states. For that purpose, a wealth of knowledge, which has been developed in the last years by feminist and gender scholars, will be considered and reinterpreted highlighting the most relevant arguments, approaches and debates. Similarly, I will draw on the European Union data and analysis available on the numerous reports developed by multiple EU institutions. Given the limitations of this study and the extensive reach of gender policy within the Union, after a general overview, I will focus briefly on the research sphere, where a series of developments have shown an optimistic picture, despite the possible critics to the level of engagement and effective leadership of the Union in this area ; Esta comunicación revisa cómo las políticas de igualdad de género en la Unión Europea ha generado un impacto en las vidas de las mujeres europeas desde el momento que ha existido monitoreo y datos al respecto, analizando si existe una potencial mejora debida a la existencia de un marco supranacional. La ponencia identificará algunas de las estructuras, regulaciones y políticas de género en la Unión Europea y su potencial impacto en los estados miembros. Con ese propósito, se revisará material documental generado por académicas feministas y de igualdad de género, reinterpretando sus puntos de vistas, debates y enfoques. Igualmente, me basaré en los datos y análisis existentes en numerosos informes desarrollados por múltiples instituciones de la Unión Europea. Dadas las limitaciones de este estudio, y el alcance de las políticas de género en la union, tras una vision general, me centraré en el ámbito de la investigación, donde existe un escenario un tanto optimista, a pesar de las críticas respecto a la existencia de un compromiso efectivo y real de la UE en esta área.

¿Como se logra poder decir y ser escuchado más allá de la cultura en que se ancla? El texto tiene por objeto el análisis de este cuestionamiento, partiendo de las estrategias utilizadas en el discurso zapatista en la lucha por hacerse oír dentro del discurso dominante neoliberal. PALABRAS-CLAVES: discursos emergentes, zapatista, lucha, poder decir, cultura dominante, nosostros; poesía. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE POWER TO DECIDE: THE ZAPATIST SPEECH Irene Muñoz Alejandro Raiter How can one express one's ideas and be heard in a different culture? The aim of this text is to analyze this issue, bearing in mind the strategies adopted by the Zapatist speech in the struggle for being heard despite the neo-liberal dominant speech. KEYWORDS: Emerging speeches, Zapatist, fight, being able to decide, dominant culture, people, poetry. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

El discurso del EZLN, con los de Arguedas, Azuela, Fray Bartolomé y Zapata, pertenece a una formación ideológica que atraviesa las formaciones discursivas modernas y posmodernas: se erige contra la exclusión y la marginación. Y es, a la vez, moderno y posmoderno, en tanto que configura a una sociedad civil múltiple y plural como el gran actor del cambio en favor de la democracia, la libertad y la justicia. Sin embargo·, por sus recmsos textuales, el ejército zapatista no sólo ha logrado poder decir, constituirse como emisor válido y escuchado en una red discursiva dominada por el neoliberalismo; éstos le han permitido cuestionar radicalmente los sistemas de referencia mismos de esa red. El discurso zapatista ha trascendido el cerco en el que se encuentra el discurso clásico, de la izquierda y se han creado las primeras condiciones de un discurso emergente, ni moderno ni posmodcmo. un concepto clave para el análisis de una política emancipatoria posmoderna.

The taxonomic status of Bombus terrestris subspecies is complex and has deep implications in the management of commercial bumblebees for crop pollination as well as in the establishment of appropriate conservation plans. Herein, the complete mitogenome of the endemic Canary Islands subspecies Bombus terrestris canariensis is newly sequenced and compared with available mitochondrial sequences in order to shed light into its taxonomic status. The mitochondrial genome was 17,300 bp in length and contained 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs and a partial sequence of the AT rich control region. The phylogenetic analysis of PCGs of the mitogenome was congruent with its subspecific status and a close relationship with the North African subspecies africanus as previously suggested. The sequencing of the mitogenome of B. t. canariensis provides useful genetic information to study the conservation genetics and genetic diversity of these island bumblebee populations.

Bumblebees (genus Bombus Latreille) are pollinator insects of great ecological and economic importance, which commercial use for pollination has increased since the 80s. However, the introduction of foreign Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus) has resulted in a decline of native bumblebee populations in Japan, Chile or Argentina among others. To study the potential introgression of commercial B. terrestris into the Iberian endemic subspecies Bombus terrestris lusitanicus Krüger, it is necessary to find a precise molecular marker that differentiates both subspecies. For this purpose, comparative analyses were carried out between B. t. lusitanicus and B. t. terrestris (Linnaeus) from Spain and from Belgium by sequencing the nuclear genes elongation factor 1-α and arginine kinase and the mitochondrial gene 16S ribosomal RNA, and genotyping with eleven microsatellite loci. No differentiation was observed at the nuclear level, but haplotypes found within the 16S sequence correlated with the morphological characterization of the subspecies. In a case study including individuals sampled before the establishment of bumblebee rearing companies and others from recent samplings, we detected hybrid individuals (those with non-matching morphological subspecies and 16S haplotype) more frequently in the south supporting the naturalization of commercial B. t. terrestris and introgression events between both subspecies. This marker should be used in Iberian populations with the aim to support management and conservation actions in endemic populations of B. t. lusitanicus.

Honey bee hives are moved yearly mainly for pollination, but also to take advantage of consecutive flowering events to get as many harvests of honey as possible and/or to find favorable sites for food sources and summer temperatures. Such movements may lead to pathogen spill-over with consequences on the honey bee health and finally on population decline. Ascosphaera apis is the causative agent of the chalkbrood disease, a pathology affecting honey bee larvae that significantly harms population growth and colony productivity. In this study, we detected the presence of A. apis in adult worker honey bees by PCR-amplification of the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the ribosomal gene (rDNA). We first optimized the DNA extraction by testing different protocols in individual and pooled (colony level) adult honey bee samples. Subsequently, the presence of the fungus A. apis was assessed in both stationary and migratory colonies (subjected to small scale regional level movements) to determine the effect of migratory practices on the dispersal of this pathogen. Results confirmed a higher prevalence of A. apis in migratory apiaries when compared to stationary ones, indicating that migratory colonies are more likely to develop chalkbrood disease. Given these results, we suggest that beekeepers should be aware of the risks of pathogens spreading while moving beehives, even within a reduced geographic range.

© 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. ; 5G is envisioned to simultaneously provide diverse service types with heterogeneous needs under very different application scenarios and business models. Therefore, network slicing is included as a key feature of the 5G architecture to allow sharing a common infrastructure among different tenants, such as mobile communication providers, vertical market players, etc. In order to provide the Radio Access Network (RAN) with network slicing capabilities, mechanisms that efficiently distribute the available capacity among the different tenants while satisfying their needs are required. For this purpose, this paper proposes a multi-agent reinforcement learning approach for RAN capacity sharing. It makes use of the Deep Q-Network algorithm in a way that each agent is associated to a different tenant and learns the capacity to be provided to this tenant in each cell while ensuring that the service level agreements are satisfied and that the available radio resources are efficiently used. The consideration of multiple agents contributes to a better scalability and higher learning speed in comparison to single-agent approaches. In this respect, results show that the policy learnt by the agent of one tenant can be generalised and directly applied by other agents, thus reducing the complexity of the training and making the proposed solution easily scalable, e.g., to add new tenants in the system. The proposed approach is well aligned with the on-going 3GPP standardization work and guidelines for the parametrization of the solution are provided, thus enforcing its practical applicability. ; This work was supported in part by the Spanish Research Council and FEDER funds under SONAR 5G Grant ref. TEC2017-82651-R, in part by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 5G-CLARITY project under Grant 871428, and in part by the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia under Grant 2020FI_B2 00075. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

One of the key features of the 5G architecture is network slicing, which allows the simultaneous support of diverse service types with heterogeneous requirements over a common network infrastructure. In order to support this feature in the Radio Access Network (RAN), it is required to have capacity sharing mechanisms that distribute the available capacity in each cell among the existing RAN slices while satisfying their requirements and efficiently using the available resources. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques are good candidates to deal with the complexity of capacity sharing in multi-cell scenarios where the traffic in the different cells can be heterogeneously distributed in the time and space domains. In this paper, a multi-agent reinforcement learning-based solution for capacity sharing in multi-cell scenarios is discussed and assessed under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Results show the capability of the solution to satisfy the requirements of the RAN slices while using the resources in the different cells efficiently. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Research Council and FEDER funds under SONAR 5G grant (ref.TEC2017-82651-R), by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 5G-CLARITY project under grant agreement 871428 and by the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia under grant 2020FI_B2 00075. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is used worldwide for crop pollination. Despite its positive impact on crop yield, it has become a widespread threat to biodiversity due to its interactions with local bumblebee populations. Commercial subspecies introduced to the Iberian Peninsula since the 1990s without any regulation have colonized the environment, with evidence of naturalization and introgression with the endemic subspecies Bombus terrestris lusitanicus. We have used mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data to describe the current genetic diversity of the Iberian population and to estimate the expansion of commercial bumblebees. Samples from the natural distribution range of the commercial subspecies, the natural intergradation area between the two subspecies and from a period prior to the use of commercial colonies (i.e., before the 1990s) have been used for comparison. Our results show that the mitochondrial haplotype of the commercial breeds has spread throughout the territory, which, together with subtle changes observed in the nuclear genetic diversity of the populations, indicates that hybridization and consequent introgression are occurring in most of the peninsula. It is, therefore, necessary to improve the existing legislation concerning the management and exportation of commercial bumblebees to conserve locally adapted populations.

Network slicing is included as a key feature of the 5G architecture in order to simultaneously support diverse service types with heterogeneous requirements. The realization of network slicing in the Radio Access Network (RAN) needs mechanisms that allow the distribution of the available capacity in the system in an efficient manner while satisfying the requirements of the different services. In this paper, a capacity sharing function is proposed, which is approached as a multi agent reinforcement learning based on the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm Deep Q-Network (DQN). The proposed algorithm provides the capacity to be assigned to each RAN slice. Performance assessment reveals the promising behavior of the proposed solution. ; This work has been supported by the Spanish Research Council and FEDER funds under SONAR 5G grant (ref. TEC2017-82651-R), by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement #871428, 5G-CLARITY project, and by the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia under grant 2019FI_B1 00102. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have a great potential in genetic identification and introgression studies of honey bees (Apis mellifera). To achieve SNPs full power in genetic analysis, they must be screened in a rapid, accurate and cost-effective manner. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization–time-of-flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry is a promising tool for the high-throughput screening of SNPs at an affordable cost in the post-genome sequencing era. In this study, a reduced SNP panel has been validated for Iberian honey bees (A. m. iberiensis) and a pooling strategy is presented for allele frequencies determination by using MALDI-TOF technology. The reduced SNP panel contains 127 most ancestry-informative loci design in the dark honey bee (A. m. mellifera). We demonstrate the utility of this methodology in samples of Iberian honey bees (A. m. iberiensis) selected for its pathogen tolerance and in genomic DNA pools. The described method reduces costs and time and enables genotyping of up to thousands of honey bee samples by taking advantage of the high-throughput MALDI-TOF technology. ; This research is funded through FEDER and INIA (E-RTA2014-00003-C03 and 01), Regional Government of Murcia (19908/GERM/2015, Fundación Séneca) and BeeHope project (138573-BiodivERsA/0002/2014). I. Muñoz acknowledges the support of a Saavedra Fajardo fellowship from the Fundación Séneca (20036/SF/16). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion