Suchergebnisse

The fragility of democracy in Peru and Colombia is intimately linked to the processes of political violence —and vice versa— experienced by both countries during the second half of the last century. This essay presents a historical review of the social and political transformations that unleashed two of the most violent episodes in Latin American history, emphasizing the role of peasant and urban movements, political organizations risen up in arms, armed forces and political parties. The political analysis of these processes is based on a critical reading on the heterogeneity of the Peruvian and Colombian societies, the impact of neoliberal structural reforms at the end of the Cold War, and the recovery of the role of the state in the establishment and implementation of institutional reforms that facilitate the resolution of conflicts in democracy. ; La fragilidad de la democracia en el Perú y en Colombia está íntimamente ligada a los procesos de violencia polí­tica —y viceversa— experimentados por ambos países durante la segunda mitad del siglo pasado. Este ensayo hace un repaso histórico de las transformaciones socia­les y políticas que desencadenaron dos de los episodios más violentos de la historia latinoamericana, enfati­zando el rol de los movimientos campesinos y urbanos, las organizaciones políticas alzadas en armas, las fuerzas armadas y los partidos políticos. El análisis político de estos procesos se sostiene en una lectura crítica sobre la heterogeneidad de las sociedades peruanas y colom­bianas, el impacto de las reformas estructurales de corte neoliberal al final de la Guerra Fría y la recuperación del papel del Estado en el establecimiento e imple­mentación de reformas institucionales que faciliten la resolución de conflictos en democracia.

En esos tiempos convulsos se ve con claridad que es necesario mostrar una actitud atenta para percibir con la antelación suficiente cualquier cambio que pueda ser el indicio de una crisis. En educación los cambios legislativos se suceden, las controversias sobre el currículo que debe impartirse se inician. Es preciso mantener un criterio claro de defensa de los objetivos sociales ya alcanzados. Aprender bien una lección es la lección más difícil que nos ofrece la historia. No es sólo que haya que tener memoria, indispensable, que haya que comprender el sentido de la lección que hay que aprender, su valor moral, es que hay que ser capaz de de aplicarla en diferentes supuestos y situaciones. Los seres humanos andamos siempre aprendiendo lecciones que se podían dar por conocidas. La sociedad avanza en los campos científico y tecnológico basados en conocimientos que se valoran y evalúan desde el inicio de la escolaridad de los alumnos. Pero retrocede en aspectos relativos a la convivencia y ciudadanía que no son valorados -evaluados- desde el inicio de dicha escolaridad. ¿Podría establecerse alguna relación? En esos momentos de crisis -violencia de género, alumnos que graban en sus móviles situaciones de acoso a compañeros, disrupción en las aulas, etc.- es cuando se percibe con claridad la fragilidad de los objetivos sociales, culturales y hasta económicos y ecológicos que hemos podido lograr en estos últimos años Analicemos cómo se desarrolla el proceso para establecer el currículo de un área o materia. El procedimiento para establecer el currículo de una materia, el currículo que se imparte a los alumnos en las aulas, lleva siempre unos pasos determinados que el profesorado de cada institución docente debe seguir. Las Administraciones educativas de las CCAA, apoyándose en las propuestas que el gobierno establece en los Reales Decretos de desarrollo de una Ley, publican los Decretos de currículo. Es la norma básica para todos los centros de la respectiva Comunidad autónoma, la que fija contenidos y objetivos y ...

El criterio de autoridad es uno de los factores que determinan el uso y la norma lingüísticos, por lo que contribuye también a la evolución de la lengua. La traducción, resultado de un contexto sociopolítico y lingüístico concreto, incide a su vez en éste aportando su propio discurso. Para indagar en esa incidencia es útil analizar las relaciones entre traducción, como caso especial de contacto de lenguas, y autoridad lingüística. La situación actual de hegemonía del inglés refuerza el efecto de atracción que ejerce la lengua inicial en el acto de traducir. Tras pasar revista a los conceptos fundamentales y a los condicionantes específicos de la traducción institucional, se advierte del riesgo de que el traductor otorgue al inglés, como lengua inicial, una función de autoridad efectiva. Se propugna que el propio traductor asuma el papel que le compete como autoridad y cogestor del cambio lingüístico, para que su labor revitalice y enriquezca la lengua, contribuyendo a hacer de ella un instrumento de comunicación adaptado a las necesidades de hoy. Abstract The authority principle is one of the key factors shaping language usage and standards, and thereby influencing language evolution. Translation arises from a specific societal, political and language context, and has in turn a bearing on this very context through its own discourse. In order to make out that influence, an analysis of the relationship between translation –as a particular case of language contact– and language authority can be useful. Current hegemony of English is reinforcing the attraction power that source language usually has in the act of translating. We review basic concepts and specific conditions that are at work in institutional translation. We then warn of the danger for the translator to confer effectively an authoritative role to English as source language. We believe that translators should take on an authority role and responsibility for language change. By doing so, they would be able to renew and enrich their own language, contributing to turn it into a communication tool adapted to today's needs.

La traducción ideal de textos especializados aúna la doble competencia de traducción y de conocimiento de un campo temático determinado. Las instituciones de la Unión Europea son, en principio, un entorno idóneo para que se produzca esta convergencia, pues disponen en sus servicios tanto de especialistas como de traductores. Sin embargo, la interacción entre ambos colectivos es en ellas insuficiente, de manera que se desaprovechan en gran medida tales condiciones, en teoría óptimas. En el presente artículo se analizan los distintos factores de esta problemática y se examinan los tipos de relación posible entre la función del traductor y la del técnico. Partiendo de la situación real que se da en las instituciones europeas (redacción de originales, especialización del traductor, terminología, etc.) y sin olvidar las servidumbres de una administración pública internacional, se proponen pautas de colaboración que aprovechen al máximo el bagaje respectivo de ambos grupos profesionales. Translation of specialized texts is best achieved through a combination of translating skills and a thorough knowledge of the subject matter in a given field. The institutions of the European Union provide, on the face of it, the ideal environment for translating skills and technical expertise to converge, employing as they do in-house experts as well as translators. However, interaction between these two groups of professionals is in fact rather poor, with the result that the potential benefit of the theoretically optimum conditions remains largely unexploited. This contribution analyses the factors behind the problem and looks at the possible relations between the translation and technical functions. Taking as its starting point the actual dynamics of work within the European institutions (texts drafted in the original language, translator specialization, terminology and its role, etc) and bearing in mind the demands of an international public administration, the article proposes various ways in which cooperation between both sets of professionals could be improved with a view to optimizing the knowledge and skills of each.

Juan Latino was the most important poet in Latin language in the spanish city of Granada during the Renaissance. In this study we discuss the social, political, religious and cultural context in which he lived. These historical aspects were of great relevance in the author's life and work, which itself shows the effect of his relations with the city's powerful institutions and authorities. ; En este trabajo se analiza el medio ciudadano, político, espiritual y cultural en que se desarrolla la vida de Juan Latino, el poeta en lengua latina más importante de la Granada renacentista. Estas circunstancias históricas tuvieron gran importancia en el autor y en su obra, que refleja además las instancias de poder que en él influyeron.

In drylands, soil surfaces in interplant spaces are usually covered by biocrusts, which consist of communities of heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, mosses, lichens, microalgae, fungi and other organisms. Cyanobacteria are of special interest because of their capacity to promote biocrust succession or increase soil fertility and stability. Therefore, some studies have analyzed their communities in different ecosystems, focusing on how different factors, such as temperature or altitude, influence their composition. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, the relationship between ecosystem degradation and cyanobacterial community composition has not yet been studied in depth. This could be determinant for the successful development of tools for restoring degraded biocrusts by cyanobacterial inoculation. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the ecosystem degradation level on cyanobacteria composition from topsoil communities, where they are keystone pioneering organisms. To do this, we analyzed the cyanobacterial diversity by molecular sequencing (16S rRNA gene) of the DNA extracted from biocrusts at different developmental stages, which were collected from three ecosystems in southeastern Spain. The selected ecosystems represent different "land-condition" states as a result of degradation processes. In one of them soil was removed by mining (the Gador quarry), the second is a natural badland area (El Cautivo) where water erosion is intense, and the third ecosystem is a well-preserved area (Balsa Blanca). Our findings show that cyanobacterial richness decreases (up to 28 OTUs) as degradation increases and biocrust developmental stage decreases. Also, the relative abundances of most of the species were significantly correlated with the degradation state of the sampling site, either showing a positive or negative trend. Two of the species which increased in abundance with site degradation, and were especially abundant in incipient biocrusts, were Leptolyngbya frigida and Trichocoleus desertorum, while other species, also showing an increase in abundance with degradation, but having a higher relative abundance in most developed biocrusts, were Nostoc commune, Tolypothrix distorta and Scytonema sp. The significant correlation of these species with degradation at different biocrusts developmental stages, suggests an alternative developmental sequence for drylands, at least in more degraded ecosystems. In less degraded ones, the composition of the major cyanobacterial groups followed the common pattern of bundle-forming cyanobacteria (54.7%) pertaining to the Microcoleus genus followed by other non-heterocystous filamentous (17.4%), unicellular/colonial (7.5%) and heterocystous cyanobacteria (1.1%). In comparison, the cyanobacterial groups dominating the most incipient biocrusts, colonizing the most degraded soil, were the filamentous non-heterocystous (50.7%) and the bundleforming cyanobacteria (48.9%). Therefore, our results show that some cyanobacterial species, which do not belong to traditional pioneer genera, are frequent colonizers of degraded soils, and then, they could be potentially used for producing a more efficient inoculum for inducing biocrust formation and restoring degraded soils. Finally, it is also remarkable that L. frigida appears as dominant in some biocrusts from drylands (up to 74.9% of abundance) being therefore demonstrated its wide distribution in nonpolar biomes and its capacity to also inhabit degraded arid soils ; This work was supported by the projects RESUCI (CGL 2014-59946-R), the project REBIOARID (RTI 2018-101921-B-I00), and the GL 2013-44870-R and GL 2017-6258-R projects, all of them founded by the Spanish National Plan for Research and the European Union ERDF funds

11 pages, 6 figures.-- OCIS codes: 140.3380, 160.5690, 300.6280.-- Printed version published on Aug 4, 2008.-- © 2008 Optical Society of America. ; In this work, we report the spectroscopic properties of the infrared 3H4→3F4 emission of Tm(3+) ions in two different compositions of glasses based on TeO2, WO3, and PbO for three Tm2O3 concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt%). Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters have been determined and used to calculate the radiative transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes. The infrared emission at around 1490 nm corresponding to the 3H4 → 3F4 transition has two noticeable features if compared to fluoride glasses used for S-band amplifiers. On one hand, it is broader by nearly 30 nm, and on the other, the stimulated emission cross section is twice the value for fluoride glasses. Both the relative intensity ratio of the 1490 nm emission to 1820 nm and the measured lifetime of the 3H4 level decrease as concentration increases, due to the existence of energy transfer via cross-relaxation among Tm(3+) ions. The analysis of the decays from the 3H4 level with increasing concentration indicates the presence of a dipole-dipole quenching process assisted by energy migration. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Government MEC (MAT2005-06508-C02-02) and the Basque Country Government (IT-331-07). ; Peer reviewed

Data of optical performance, thermal stability and ageing are given for solar selective coatings (SSC) based on a novel MoSi2–Si3N4 absorbing composite. SSC have been prepared as multilayer stacks formed by silver as metallic infrared reflector, a double layer composite and an antireflective layer (doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.04.001 [1]). Spectroscopic reflectance data corresponding to the optical performance of samples after moderate vacuum annealing at temperatures up to 600 °C and after ageing test of more than 200 h with several heating–cooling cycles are shown here. ; This work has been supported by European Commission under HITECO Collaborative project contract No. 256830 from the FP7-ENERGY program and by the CSIC PIE project E201460E108, by the Spanish MINECO through contract MAT2012-37276-C03-01 and by the Madrid Regional Government through contract P2013/MIT-2740. E.C. acknowledges MINECO for the "Formación Posdoctoral (JdC)" program (FPDI-2013). ; EUR 446,27 APC fee funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilot ; Peer reviewed

Data of optical performance, thermal stability and ageing are given for solar selective coatings (SSC) based on a novel MoSi2-Si3N4 absorbing composite. SSC have been prepared as multilayer stacks formed by silver as metallic infrared reflector, a double layer composite and an antireflective layer (doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.04.001 [1]). Spectroscopic reflectance data corresponding to the optical performance of samples after moderate vacuum annealing at temperatures up to 600 °C and after ageing test of more than 200 h with several heating-cooling cycles are shown here ; This work has been supported by European Commission under HITECO Collaborative project contract No. 256830 from the FP7-ENERGY program and by the CSIC PIE project E201460E108, by the Spanish MINECO through contract MAT2012-37276-C03-01 and by the Madrid Regional Government through contract P2013/MIT-2740. E.C. acknowledges MINECO for the "Formación Posdoctoral (JdC)" program (FPDI-2013)

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder, which is due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and for which no definitive cure is currently available. Cellular functions in mouse and human tissues can be restored after fusion of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells with a variety of somatic cells. Here, after transplantation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the SNpc of two different mouse models of Parkinson's disease, we significantly ameliorated the dopaminergic neuron loss and function. We show fusion of transplanted HSPCs with neurons and with glial cells in the ventral midbrain of Parkinson's disease mice. Interestingly, the hybrids can undergo reprogramming in vivo and survived up to 4 weeks after transplantation, while acquiring features of mature astroglia. These newly generated astroglia produced Wnt1 and were essential for functional rescue of the dopaminergic neurons. Our data suggest that glial-derived hybrids produced upon fusion of transplanted HSPCs in the SNpc can rescue the Parkinson's disease phenotype via a niche-mediated effect, and can be exploited as an efficient cell-therapy approach. ; We are grateful for the support from a Fundació La Marató de TV3 grant (120530 to M.P.C. and M.V.), an ERC grant (242630-RERE to M.P.C.), Ministerio de Ciencia e Inovación grants (SAF2011-28580, 2014SGR1137 and BFU2015-71984-ERC to M.P.C.), an AGAUR grant (2014 SGR 780 to M.P.C.), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants (PI13/01897 to M.V.; CP11/00229 to J.B.), an AGAUR-GRC grant (2014-SGR-1609 to M.V.), European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (274882 to W.A.X) and Juan de la Cierva fellowship (to W.A.X), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, 'Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017', SEV-2012-0208. ; Peer Reviewed

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha afectado al funcionamiento de las bibliotecas de todos los ámbitos, incluidas las sanitarias. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar su impacto en las bibliotecas especializadas de Ciencias de la Salud de hospitales públicos en España. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado desde junio a noviembre de 2020, mediante cuestionario de 35 ítems enviado por correo electrónico donde se recogieron datos respecto al funcionamiento de las bibliotecas, personal, servicios y colecciones antes y durante la fase 0 del estado de alarma. Resultados: Se identificaron 137 bibliotecas. Se analizaron 100. Durante la fase 0, un 72% de las bibliotecas permanecieron cerradas, el 76% del personal teletrabajó alternando con modalidad presencial. Los servicios más demandados fueron el de obtención de documentos y la búsqueda bibliográfica. Las colecciones no sufrieron cambios. Destacan las oportunidades colaborativas surgidas entre las bibliotecas. Conclusiones: El sistema bibliotecario hospitalario ha experimentado un proceso de adaptación y de reinvención que conlleva cambios en la relación con los usuarios, la forma de trabajo y de colaboración.

Cyanobacteria are key microbes in topsoil communities that have important roles in preventing soil erosion, carbon and nitrogen fixation, and influencing soil hydrology. However, little is known regarding the identity and distribution of the microbial components in the photosynthetic assemblages that form a cohesive biological soil crust (biocrust) in drylands of Europe. In this study, we investigated the cyanobacterial species colonizing biocrusts in three representative dryland ecosystems from the most arid region in Europe (SE Spain) that are characterized by different soil conditions. Isolated cyanobacterial cultures were identified by a polyphasic approach, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic relationship determination, and morphological and ecological habitat assessments. Three well-differentiated groups were identified: heterocystous-cyanobacteria (Nostoc commune, Nostoc calcicola, Tolypothrix distorta and Scytonema hyalinum), which play an important role in N and C cycling in soil; nonheterocystous bundle-forming cyanobacteria (Microcoleus steenstrupii, Trichocoleus desertorum, and Schizothrix cf. Calcicola); and narrow filamentous cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya frigida and Oculatella kazantipica), all of which are essential genera for initial biocrust formation. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of cyanobacterial species composition in biocrusts from important and understudied European habitats, such as the Mediterranean Basin, a hotspot of biodiversity, where these species are keystone pioneer organisms ; This research was supported by grants from the Spanish Government and European Regional Funds (CGL2013-44870-R, CGL2014-59946-R and CGL2017-86258-R). The study has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 706351, Project Cyano4REST. B.R-R. was supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the foundation Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Boron-carbon-nitrogen films were grown by RF reactive sputtering from a B4C target and N2 as reactive gas. The films present phase segregation and are mechanically softer than boron carbide films (a factor of more than 2 in Young's modulus). This fact can turn out as an advantage in order to select buffer layers to better anchor boron carbide films on substrates eliminating thermally induced mechanical tensions. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC. ; This work has been supported by Spanish MINECO under contracts MAT2009-08786 and MAT2012-37276-C03-01 as well as by the Madrid Regional Government though contract S2009/MAT-1756. ; Peer Reviewed

The following article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 114.21 (2013): 213508 and may be found at http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/114/21/10.1063/1.4837655 ; Boron-carbon-nitrogen films were grown by RF reactive sputtering from a B4C target and N2 as reactive gas. The films present phase segregation and are mechanically softer than boron carbide films (a factor of more than 2 in Young's modulus). This fact can turn out as an advantage in order to select buffer layers to better anchor boron carbide films on substrates eliminating thermally induced mechanical tensions. ; This work has been supported by Spanish MINECO under contracts MAT2009-08786 and MAT2012-37276- C03-01 as well as by the Madrid Regional Government though contract S2009/MAT-1756.