A financially constrained central goverment no longer has the capacity to fund major development projects throughout the country. Jakarta must look more to the regions for ideas,money and initiatives.Reforms are required in regional authority, and innational programmes-from rice to foods policies and transmigration-which have a regional impact. The "unity" of the last twenty years of strong central government has to be complemented more effetively by the "diversity" which flows from a greater emphasis inregional initiative and self reliance.
The one of basic weakness of Indonesia economy is its tendency to the haves and strong group more than the poor. This tendency that has deteriorated this current economic crisis occurs because of capital system implemented by Indonesia. So, Indonesia has to develop a people centered economy, both on its system and politics. This paper discusses the people centered economy in relation with some actual economic issues, ie : democracy of economic corruption - collusion - nepotism (KKN), free trade, formal sector, regional autonomy, and poverty.
A financially constrained central goverment no longer has the capacity to fund major development projects throughout the country. Jakarta must look more to the regions for ideas,money and initiatives.Reforms are required in regional authority, and innational programmes-from rice to foods policies and transmigration-which have a regional impact. The "unity" of the last twenty years of strong central government has to be complemented more effetively by the "diversity" which flows from a greater emphasis inregional initiative and self reliance.
. intellectuals are at their best when distant from politics and power. only when intellectuals step back from governing institutions will they be able to speak truth to power. Intellectuals, therefore had to conceive of themselves as cultural worker, responsible not solely for generating ideas but also for ensuring that those ideas wound up in the minds and arguments of a thoughtful audience and public. (K. Mattson, 2002: 9, 267)Universities are introduced, without the intellectual spirit. A bureaucracy is introduced without the rigid and widespread adherence to the principal of promotion by merit, efficiency, and a public service attitude. Parliamentary democracy is introduced without the spirit of fair play, honest election, and a genuine commitment to principles. The sciences are introduced without the spirit of enquiry. The incomplete nature of the modernisation process, the substance without the spirit, is the cause of prevailing backwardness of the developing societies. (Alatas, 1977: 78-79).
Indonesian economy has been experiencing 7 year cycle starting the year of independence in 1945. In a larger cycle, the economic and political crises took place every 35 years (5 x 7 years), hence the crisis of 1931, 1966, and 2001. There are also 3 x 7 years historical "repeat" in the national debate of Indonesian economy i.e., the year of 2001, 1980, and 1959. The year of 1959 was important in Indonesian economic history because it was the year when Indonesia decided to return to the 1945 Constitution after the "konstituante" (Constitution Making Body) failed to make a new constitution. It is important to note that social justice for the whole Indonesian people is the final goal of national development where equity and justice is observed and poverty is eradicated. Indonesian economy can best be analyzed by moral economy and transdiscriptinary approach rather than strict neoclassical economy theory. That is why many economists were surprised by the coming of Indonesias monetary crises.
The Indonesian economy in the year 2000 grew 4,77 percent after only 0,23 percent growth in the previous year, due to the strong growth of physical investment and export. Any economy that is growing 5 percent a year with inflation below 10 percent is certainly not in crisis condition. However, the "complete loss of investor confidence" indeed has not restored because of political uncertainty and insecurity. The paper argues that the dualistic nature of the Indonesian economy and the important role of the ekonomi rakyat (people's economy) is instrumental in explaining the phenomena. Another phenomenon that must be considered is the wide regional variation, meaning that the economic and monetary crisis affecting Java's economy negatively, may become "bonanza" to other regions producing export commodities. The regional variation especially in the Human Development Index also means that indeed backward regions should be able to learn from other regions having better quality of human resources. Finally lessons can be learned from countries like India and China that has not liberalized their economy too far. The 1997 crisis has taught a hard lesson to Indonesia.
Since the monetary and economic crisis in mid-1997 there has never been agreement, or serious debate, on how to measure economic recovery. Is it when foreign exchange rate can be stabilized or after banking recapitalization and business restructurization can be fully implemented? Even when economic growth has resumed mid-1999 and the beginning of 2000, some economist argued that it is still an artificial growth when investment has not recovered to the pre-crisis level.The article proposes different view: that is, because of the important role the Ekonomi Rakyat (estimated about 50-60% of total Indonesian economy), the economic recovery has taken place, and the ekonomi rakyat has made adjustment to the changing situation relatively easily. The argument has been strengthened by our research findings in the regions (provinces, kabupaten, and villages) which shows much smaller rate of economic contraction in 1998. It is expected that regional autonomy to be implemented in the beginning of 2001 will speed up the process of the development of ekonomi rakyat and the realization of economic democracy in the regions and the country as a whole.Keywords: economic recovery, conglomeration, ekonomi rakyat, and regional autonomy.
This research is entitled Analysis of Village Income Against Village Expenditure Allocation in Muara Kilis Village, Tengah Ilir District, Tebo Regency. This research aims (1). To explain village income and village expenditure in Muara Kilis village in 2020. (2). To explain the Village Expenditure Allocation based on the realization of Village Income in Muara Kilis Village in 2020. The results of this study are: (1) Muara Kilis Village Revenue realized in 2020 consists of 1) State Revenue and Expenditure Budget Allocation (Village Fund) of Rp. 980,390,000. 2) Share of Regional Taxes and Regional Levies for Regency/City, amounting to Rp. 18,245,614. 3) Village Fund Allocation of Rp. 622,447,000. 4) Financial Assistance from the Provincial APBD and Regency/City APBD of Rp. 60,000,000. With a total village income of Rp. 1,681,082,614. Meanwhile, Muara Kilis Village expenditure in 2020 is allocated to five sectors, namely, 1) Village Government Implementation of Rp. 621,492,614, 2) Village Development of Rp. 293.957.300, 3) Village Community Empowerment of Rp. 59,950,700, 4) Community Development of Rp. 39,200,000, and 5) Disaster Management and Emergency Expenditure of Rp. 666,482,000. With a total village income of Rp. 1,681,082,614. (2) In Muara Kilis Village, with a total income of Rp. 1,681,082,614 has not been able to realize income from 3 other sources of income, namely from Village Original Income, Grants from third parties, and other legitimate income. As can be seen in the data above, which shows that the income from the three sources is 0% or Rp. 0 rupees. Meanwhile, Muara Kilis Village Expenditures are by Government Regulation Number 47 of 2015, which must be used with the following provisions: At least 70% (70% or more) of the village's total spending budget will be used to fund the village administration. Implementation of village development, village community development, and strengthening of rural communities (4 regions). Up to 30% (≤30%) of the village's total budget will be used for the four items. ...
Rural development, when it has been conceived of as a science at all, has generally been conceived of as a quantitative science. Numbers are used to establish the baseline of the population at issue, to plan changes in the population and to measure the impact of success of these changes. The authors argue that this confident quantification led to critical weaknesses in much of the past and present work in development. They propose an alternative research methodology supported by case material from a study of rural development in Central Java
