Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis paper examines the multi-agency identification of risk and harm in extra-familial child exploitation (CE). It explores several data prediction methods to effectively target and prevent harm. It provides a taxonomy analysis of repeat victimisation and cumulative victim harm. It also examines the relationship between age and harm and, finally, the conditional probability of repeat victimisation in exploited children.Research Question Are the most harmed exploited children referred to Multi-Agency Child Exploitation (MACE) Panels, and what other methods exist to identify and prevent high harm in child exploitation?Methods This is a descriptive quantitative statistical analysis using a whole population of children in a Northern English county, aged between 10 and 17 who were recorded in police data as either victims, offenders or MACE referrals between January 2017 and June 2018, encompassing 12,457 children. It utilises an 18-month study window, an 18-month follow-up and 18-month prior time censored period using data between 2015 and 2019 inclusive. This data identifies CE victims using CE flagging and additionally, offence classification with familial abuse and familial exploitation cases removed. It identifies repeat victims and those children referred to MACE for tailored multi-agency intervention. Application of Sherman et al.'s (Policing (Oxford) 10:171–183, 2016) Cambridge Crime Harm Index (CCHI) provided an analysis of harm in victimisation and offending.Findings Exploited repeat victims (90.7%) were not referred to MACE, and there was no significant difference in the harm they sustained in the 18 months following a repeat victimisation compared to exploited children subject to MACE. The most harmed CE victim (Victim-CCHI 15,330) in the 18-month study window was not referred to MACE, nor was the highest frequency CE victim within 18 months (31 victimisations). Exploited victims, victim offenders and MACE children are re-victimised at a significantly higher rate than other children.Exploited victims (73.4%) will not suffer a repeat victimisation of any kind. Forty-two percent of exploited repeat victims will have a third victimisation given a second, and this will attract additional mean victim harm of 464 (for comparison, penetrative sexual activity with a girl under 16 by an Offender 18 or over has a CCHI harm score of 365).Conclusion Whilst MACE provides a forum to share multi-agency information, it only does so for 9.3% of exploited repeat victims. This has implications for the role and focus of MACE. Whilst several quantitative methods were explored to predict harm in CE, this research favours the use of conditional probability and harm association. By using this method, 90.7% of missed repeat victims become visible to professionals. This is essential in providing the opportunity to minimise the risk of further victimisation and increased harm that 42% of this group will have within an 18-month period. This research provides a predictive and evidence-based framework to identify exploited children at risk of further harm and victimisation.

Abstract

Research Question
Does an in-service training programme designed to address the attitudes of student officers, uniformed response officers and specialist rape crime investigators towards victims of rape change their perspective on adult victims, both male and female, who report rape offences?
Data Police officers from four separate policing roles completed questionnaires designed to measure their attitudes towards victims of rape. The questions were already validated and used four specific subscales: 'Asked for it', 'Didn't mean to', 'It wasn't really rape' and 'S/he lied'. Two questionnaires, one focused on male victims and one on females, were administered at different points in time.

Methods
This randomised controlled trial used a block design, randomly assigning eligible police officers to treatment and control conditions within each of four groups. Participants were grouped as rape detectives (N = 40), uniformed response officers in urban areas (N = 50); uniformed response officers in rural areas (N = 50) and student officers (N = 53). Officers in the treatment condition undertook a bespoke training programme, based on an online College of Policing e-learning programme, enhanced with audio and video content, discussion groups and short online webinar sessions delivered by a psychologist specialising in sexual offending. Both groups were surveyed before and after the treatment group was trained.

Findings
The training programme resulted in positive attitude changes towards male and female rape victims when responses are combined across all four police groups (but not within all groups separately) compared with the attitudes of those who did not undertake the training. Effects were found for both levels of rape myth acceptance and assessment of victim credibility. The effect was largest for the subscales 'S/he lied' and 'it wasn't really rape'. Training had more effect on attitudes towards female victims than towards males and more effect on uniformed response officers than on other categories of officers.

Conclusion
The use of this mixed online webinar and in-person discussion group training delivery was effective in changing attitudes towards rape victims on issues relating to the treatment of people who report being raped.

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Existing Research on Solvability -- Chapter 3: Population-Level Analysis of Residential Burglaries -- Chapter 4: Assessing Solvability Factors in Greater Manchester, England: The Case of Residential Burglaries -- Chapter 5: Solvability Indicators for 'First Officers': Targeting Eyewitness Questioning at Non-Residential Burglaries -- Chapter 6: Pickpocketing on Railways -- Chapter 7: Metal Theft Solvability and Detection -- Chapter 8: Detecting and Combating Internet Telephony Fraud -- Chapter 9: Targeting Factors that Predict Clearance of Non-Domestic Assaults -- Chapter 10: Solvability Factors and Investigative Strategy for Faith Hate Crime: Anti-Semitic and Islamophobic Assault, Criminal Damage and Public Order Offences in London -- Chapter 11: Reporting, Detection and Solvability of Sex Offences on Railways -- Chapter 12: Offender–Offence Profiling: Improving Burglary Solvability and Detection -- Chapter 13: Boosting Offence Solvability and Detections: Solving Residential Burglaries by Predicting Single Repeat and Multiple Repeats -- Chapter 14: Improving Offence Solvability and Detection Rates at Non-Residential Burglary: Predicting Single Repeat and Multiple Repeat Incidence -- Chapter 15: Homicide Resources, Solvability and Detection -- Chapter 16: Investigative Activities, Resources and Burglary Detection -- Chapter 17: The Organisation and Deployment of Patrol Resources: Cost-Effective On-Scene Arrest at Burglaries -- Chapter 18: Resources, Solvability and Detection: A Theoretical Model -- Chapter 19: Conclusions

In this study, we aimed to characterize developmental patterns of poly‐victimization in a normative sample of adolescents by applying longitudinal latent class analysis. Using the four most recent waves of data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths (z‐proso), we identified three classes, or separate groups, of youths with distinct patterns of victimization from age 11 to 17. The largest class represented young people who were least likely to be victimized in any way and at any time. The two smaller groups represented different types of poly‐victimization—a non‐parental and a long‐term parental victimization group. Adolescents in the two groups differed both in the number as well as type of victimization that they experienced at different times. Moreover, class membership also had implications for different mental health outcomes.