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This book describes the history of European integration and the Eurozone, before presenting ways in which the European Union can move forward. Charting integration from before the Second World War, the foundations of the Eurozone are examined to provide insight into the challenges faced by the European Union, including the Global Financial Crisis, over recent decades. The impact of TARGET2 and the European Monetary System are also discussed. This book aims to highlight ways that current challenges to European integration, such as the COVID-19 crisis, environmental degradation, and fiscal debt, can be overcome to promote economic growth and social advancement. It will be relevant to students, researchers, and policymakers interested in the political economy and European economic policy.

This paper makes a distinction between ahistorical causal-functional kinds and historical kinds, which include both type- and token-historical kinds, some of which are "copied kinds." After showing how these distinctions play out in various social sciences, a number of reasons are put forward for the historical individuation of some social kinds. As in the natural sciences, historical individuation in the social sciences can enable us to infer common causes, explain synchronic causal properties, and discover exceptions to causal regularities, among other epistemic aims.

AbstractIn this Modern Asian Studies book symposium, scholars of South Asia analyse the political, ethical, and epistemic aspects of market life, building on the volume Rethinking Markets in Modern India.1 This interdisciplinary conversation approaches transactional realms from the disciplines of history, anthropology, development studies, and political economy. The symposium's contributors examine a range of pertinent issues that encompass customary forms of exchange and capitalist aspects of trade. Among the topics discussed are those of market fetishism, bazaar knowledge, social embeddedness, forms of transactional representation and translation, and institutional and regulatory contexts for commerce.

Full Electric Vehicles (FEVs) are among one of the three kinds of hybrid electric vehicles. FEVs are such motorized vehicles which utilize onboard electric motor or a couple of motors driven solely by batteries which use the stored charge on them as a fuel. FEVs do not drink up any petro-chemical fuel and consequently, do not emit greenhouse gases – decreasing harmful emissions. The concept and use of FEVs dates back to the 1890s when Lohner-Porsche produced the first full electric vehicle known as P1. FEVs provide with such a framework to lower the greenhouse gases to contribute in lessening the climate change and global warming. The paper essentially contends and elucidates that how and why FEVs can replace conventional internal combustion vehicles in a developing country like Pakistan while contributing positively in reducing the burden on economy and environment and making daily life comfortable while preventing the planet earth from global warming and climate change.

Through a questionnnaires based survey, newspaper reading habbits of the students of different faculties of university of Peshawar have been studied, in which a sample size of about 100 students have been used. This study demonstarates that majority of the students read Urdu Newspapers, like Daily Mashriq, Ajj, Express and Jang. While, some also read English Newspapers as well , like Daily Dawn and The Frontier Post etc. Moreover, the research reveals that ; political section of the newspaper is the most preffered section for the students. It, also highlights that, majority portion of the respondents prefer home to read a newspaper, while some prefer to read online newspapers in the hostel or department library.

The cause of the criminal act of selling to the public the creation of the result of copyright infringement is to take shortcuts to get the most profit, the legal sanction imposed by the court has been too light, by committing the violation, the tax on the product of the violation result is not need to be paid to the government, and the last is the low level of community education. Legal sanctions for the crime of selling to the public the creation of the result of copyright infringement is the imposition of criminal sanction in the form of imprisonment and fine of criminal to perpetrator of crime selling to public creation of violation result of copyright of threatened criminal sanction is punishable by imprisonment maximum 5 ( five) years and / or a fine of not more than Rp 500,000,000 (five hundred million rupiahs). To avoid the occurrence of criminal act of selling to public creation result of copyright infringement should government together with police can do socialization to society about penal effect of law if society still sell to public creation result of violation result of copyright. Keywords : Legal Sanctions, Criminal Acts, Solution Infringement

The school principal is the spearhead of an educational institution, Forward and withdrawal of an educational institution on the quality of education depends on the principal in managing it. The challenges of the digital era education era 4.0 can be implemented if educational institutions are supported by the government in the implementation process. The worldwide corona virus and its impact on our education process is a lesson for all of us so that we can change the education process to be even better and be able to compete with other countries.

Islamic law transformative bid is made to replace the Islamic Law Compilation (KHI) in the form of Counter Legal Draft Compilation of Islamic Law (CLD-KHI), attracted the attention of academics, scholars and jurists of Islam in Indonesia. Many of those who reject and not infrequently also agree with the offer. This formulation is a challenge to bring order to respect Indonesia by Islamic law to all national character, culture and progress in democratization and upholding human rights, including women's rights. This study aims to answer the question (a) how is the legal istinbath method used in formulating the Counter Legal Draft Compilation of Islamic Law? (b) What is the formulation of the Counter Legal Draft Compilation of Islamic Law from the perspective of Jasser Auda's sharia maqasid? Library research using qualitative approach suggests that (a) the CLD-KHI is a legal draft in the form of provisions, so that in the process of its formulation is done through a procedural step that is done gradually, systematically, and involve several competent authority (b) Formulation of family law Islam offered in CLD-KHI in law istinbath method is not contrary to the concept of maqasid syariah Jasser Auda. However, the application instead of KHI still hindered political factor, because there are chapters that are considered controversial.

The social security program is one of the programs that is considered strategic in realizing the welfare of the people in many countries. By reason of the purpose of establishing a country is to achieve prosperity (welfare state) which is the government's commitment as its responsibility as the manager of the state. Social welfare development in Indonesia actually refers to the concept of a welfare state. Social security is also the right of State Civil Apparatus Employees (ASN). What is meant by the State Civil Apparatus Employees are the civil servants and the government employees with work agreements who are appointed by a civil servant development official and assigned tasks in a government position or entrusted with other state duties and are paid based on statutory regulations.Based on the background described above, this research will discuss 3 (three) problems, namely how are the government's obligations in the health services, how is the Work Accident Insurance and Death Benefit for the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) and what are the legal consequences for the government if it does not fulfill its obligations in providing the Work Accident Insurance and Death Benefit for the State Civil Apparatus ( ASN).To fulfill the order of the Constitution of 1945 and the Article 92 of the Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus, the Government issued Government Regulation Number 70 of 2015 concerning the Work Accident Insurance and Death Benefit for the State Civil Apparatus Employees. The Government Regulation explains that the Work Accident Insurance is the protection against the risk of the work accidents or the occupational diseases in the form of treatment, compensation, and disability benefits. Then, Death Benefit is the protection against the risk of death not due to a work accident in the form of death benefit. The Work Accident Insurance and Death Benefit Program include the participation, benefits and contributions. Based on this, the government has an obligation to provide protection for the work accident insurance and death benefit as regulated in the Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus. Government actions that are negligent or intentionally do not carry out their obligations in protecting work accident insurance and death benefit certainly have legal consequences and are human rights. For this action, legal action can be taken in the form of a group representative lawsuit. It is done by following the procedure as regulated in the Regulation of the Supreme Court Number 1 of 2002 concerning the Lawsuit Procedure for Group Representatives. Furthermore, against the government's actions, every citizen can also take legal action against citizens (Citizen Lawsuit).

I suggest that virtue ethics can learn from Foucault's critical observations on biopolitics and governmentality, which identify how a good cannot be disassociated from power and freedom. I chart a way through which virtue ethics internalizes this critical point. I argue that this helps address concerns that both virtue ethics and the critical scholarship inspired by Foucault otherwise ignore. I apply virtue ethics to the contexts of refugee arrival, asylum procedure, and immigrant integration in Western Europe; I then see how Foucault's critical thought provides a counterpoint to virtue ethics; I finally analyze how incorporating that critique allows virtue ethics to make sense of both the context and the stakes involved.

Alliances remain at the heart of history, since they serve states in achieving geopolitical needs and securing grand strategic necessities. Apart from strategic considerations, the article aspires to highlight the psychological motivation for conceiving and forming alliances. It argues alliances to be the basic instrument in ensuring survival and elaborates the psychological efficacy and utility in employing the same device in gaining and sustaining the status of a functional great power. This article addresses the most significant development in modern times, i.e. rising China and its pursuit to become a pro-active great power, whilst greatly drawing from its strategic history in such endeavours. It explores the 'China Threat', and argues that China is likely to enter into alliances based on its geopolitical necessities by engaging its armed forces regionally, most likely in its near abroad. The article interprets China's Belt and Road Initiative as a soft alliance and predicts the precursors of a military alliance.