Suchergebnisse

Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst of economic growth and the growth in exports leads to increase in the incomes of factors of production, which in turn increases the demand for input for further expansion in production. The resultant pressure on domestic capacity may stimulate technological change and investment opportunities. Also increase in demand due to raising incomes of the factors of production on account of exports may spill over into other sectors of the economy. A part of such growths could also be diffused abroad through technical assistance and aid. According to Emery (1967) empirically proved that higher rates of exports growth leads to higher economic growth. Traditionally, a developing country had the choice of two alternative trade strategies for supporting industrial development, export promotion or import substitution. A consensus has emerged among many development economists that an export expansion policy by permitting resource exploitation according to comparative advantage and by allowing for utilisation and exploitation of economies of scale leads to higher growth rates of output and employment, greater technological progress and availability of foreign exchange. These in turn enable the countries with export oriented policies to attain higher rates of growth of GNP vis-à-vis countries following import substituting industrialisation [Donges and Muller-Ohlsen (1978)].

The study aims to describe and classify consonant stop sounds of the Balti language, which is spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. In order to describe and classify these sounds, 120 words were selected from literature written in the Balti language. A purposive sample of 20 Balti speakers from 16 to 35 years of age, who were studying in various degree programs at Government College for Boys, Model Town, Lahore and University of Management and Technology, Lahore, was selected to record possible Balti consonant stop sounds. The physical features of each consonant stop sound were carried through the software package for speech analysis in phonetics. The study reveals that there are 15 consonant stop sounds in the Balti language. The study helps document the Balti language, which follows mostly a verbal tradition like many other languages of the region.

Gender sensitization is a theory that a maximum number of policy analysts discover easy to implement, but very few perform well. The same can be said about disaster risk reduction. When these two concerns are put together to mainstream gender into disaster risk reduction (DRR), concerned organizations and experts find gaps in planning and implementation of policies. This is not because the job is integrally challenging; rather, there is not adequate practical guidance and pragmatic information. This paper aims to increase awareness about gender issues in disaster risk reduction, to improve government capability to address gender problems in DRR and to encourage Pakistan's government to incorporate gender perception into DRR legislatures, strategies and plans for sustainable development. The importance of the Beijing Agenda for global action on gender sensitive DRR and the Manila Declaration for Global Action on gender in climate change and DRR have been highlighted, with the help of information from other developing countries, to develop a road map for Pakistan. Capacity development and gender-aware knowledge products are the two main areas with the help of which concerns regarding gender sensitivity can be addressed in disaster preparedness, recovery and rehabilitation.

The study examined socio economic determinants of technical efficiency in rainfed rice production system in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Using a multistage random sampling technique, 300 farmers were randomly selected from six purposively selected rainfed rice producing local government areas of Sokoto state. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). The maximum likelihood estimates on the determinants of technical efficiency shows that the coefficients of farming experience (p<0.01), off-farm income (p<0.05) and extension contact (p<0.01) significantly influenced technical efficiency of the rainfed rice farmers in the area. The mean technical efficiency in rainfed rice production system in the area was 73.2 percent suggesting that rice production fell 26.8 percent short of the maximum (frontier) possible output. The study recommends that farmers need to utilize their farming experience and endeavour to acquire more knowledge and skills in farming while the State Government should engage trained and qualified youths with NCE/Degree in agriculture to serve as extension agents and support them with transport facilities and commensurate remuneration for effective extension service delivery.

This paper aims to analyze the institutional framework in Pakistan for disaster management and specific disaster management policies. This paper is also designed to develop an in-depth understanding of the key challenges that the communities of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan face in the wake of constantly reoccurring disasters. House-hold survey, observations and key informant interviews were conducted to analyze the preparedness, both at community and organizational levels. The findings point out that disaster management policies and mechanisms regarding preparedness are not implemented by both federal and state authorities at local level. Further, the local communities of AJK, Pakistan are susceptible to different kind of hazards related to disasters. The paper reveals that available federal/state mechanism of disasters do not meet the needs of community. All of the stakeholders including federal government institutions, state government institutions and local communities are not prepared. Thus, communities are continuously getting affected by natural disasters. The paper suggests that there is a dire need to improve the coordination between state and national agencies. Further, there is need to enhance community preparedness specifically in AJK, Pakistan to upgrade community's defensive and awareness mechanism to safeguard citizens' lives in response to seismic emergency.

This paper aims to analyze the institutional framework in Pakistan for disaster management and specific disaster management policies. This paper is also designed to develop an in-depth understanding of the key challenges that the communities of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan face in the wake of constantly reoccurring disasters. House-hold survey, observations and key informant interviews were conducted to analyze the preparedness, both at community and organizational levels. The findings point out that disaster management policies and mechanisms regarding preparedness are not implemented by both federal and state authorities at local level. Further, the local communities of AJK, Pakistan are susceptible to different kind of hazards related to disasters. The paper reveals that available federal/state mechanism of disasters do not meet the needs of community. All of the stakeholders including federal government institutions, state government institutions and local communities are not prepared. Thus, communities are continuously getting affected by natural disasters. The paper suggests that there is a dire need to improve the coordination between state and national agencies. Further, there is need to enhance community preparedness specifically in AJK, Pakistan to upgrade community's defensive and awareness mechanism to safeguard citizens' lives in response to seismic emergency.

Disasters have the capacity to increase the weaknesses and vulnerabilities of marginalized groups of society. It is the need of the hour to include these segments to make the process of disaster risk reduction successful. This research article presents comprehensive information regarding global agenda and efforts made by developing countries for the empowerment & resilience of weak people during natural and man-made disasters. This article provides information on vulnerable groups are exploited for reaping benefits of DRR policies. Case studies are studied from developing world like, Indonesia, Cambodia, Philippines, Nepal, India & Myanmar to highlight the initiative taken to empower these segments. This evidence has been used in recommending more productive actions for inclusion of vulnerable people in DRR mechanisms in developing countries.

This paper is about one of the world's most strategic area, inhabited by a large tribal population. After the involvement and destruction of this area and its people in the Great Game and the Cold War, it is once again confronted with the War on Terror. Being important in the global politics and considered as a threat to national and international security, the national and international leadership are making plans and programs to eradicate this area of extremism. It is accepted that force alone cannot eradicate the menace of extremism from this area, but the military effort must be supported by robust development that can bring social and economic changes in the lives of the people. For this purpose, huge funds have started flowing into the area after the incident of 9/11. However, despite financial and human resources pooled for the purpose, no fruitful results have yet been achieved. Reasons being that the development activities of all the developing partners including the government of Pakistan are not coordinated, planned and according to the ground realities shaped by war and insurgency. To mainstream the people and the area a robust development strategy keeping in view the ground situation in mind is required.

Transport and transportation systems in pre-colonial Africa were important aspects of Nigeria's pre-colonial socio-economic history. Prior to the period of colonial rule and the introduction of mechanised transport systems, the movement of goods and services across domestic and national borders was not alien to Nigerian pre-colonial societies. As against the colonial historiography which described pre-colonial transport and transportation systems as primitive, backward, and incapable of supporting economic growth and development, the article demonstrates, through a thorough examination of pre-colonial transport and transportation systems in the Ilorin Emirate, that such arguments are untrue. Ilorin Emirate, like other pre-colonial towns, has a record of different pre-colonial transportation systems in operation to support its economic growth, trade and market systems, and inter-economic relations. Among the pre-colonial transportation systems widely used in the Ilorin Emirate were the Porterage system and the use of animal packs (camel, horses, and donkeys). These identified pre-colonial non-mechanised transport systems contributed significantly to the growth and development of the Ilorin Emirate. Through these transportation systems, revenues were generated through tolls and taxes, and the expansion of trade and markets, among others, were experienced. The paper relies on primary and secondary sources of data to interrogate the contributions of pre-colonial non-mechanised transport systems.

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to explore the association between the role of parliament and perception of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) paradigm for curbing corruption in Peshawar. Methodology: A stratified random sampling technique was used to gather information from 320 sample respondents through an interview schedule. The gamma and chi-square test was applied to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Main Findings: Parliament's role was termed as of paramount importance in curbing corruption. There was a significant association between the vital function of parliament in curbing corruption (P=0.000), introduce new anti-corruption laws (P=0.016), parliament assure the accountability of executives (P=0.003), parliament should work with other institution (P=0.034), Public Account Committee's role is admirable in parliament (P=0.815), non-accountability of powerful (P=0.022), parliament should introduce a strict law (P=0.017) and perception of the NAB paradigm for reducing corruption. Applications of this study: The results of this research work can be applied to all watchdogs' institutions for its policymaking. The originality of this study: The study is unique because the information was aggregated directly from the people in the research area.