Dampak Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) terhadap Existensi Perempuan antara Ruang Publik dan DomestikMUHAMMAD HAYAT, MAJurusan Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Jln. Raya Tlogomas no. 246, Malang 65144; *Email : hayato.hayat@gmail.comAbstract :Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) merupakan cara pemerintah untuk menggerakkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam melihat kemampuan diri sebagai sebuah komunitas yang mempunyai "power". Muara akhirnya adalah terciptanya kemandirian masyarakat yang menyadari bahwa diri mereka dan lingkungan sekitar mereka adalah "tool yang sangat berharga" bagi terwujudnya masyarakat yang partisipatif. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Torongrejo, Kecamatan Junrejo, Kota Batu yang mencoba fokus pada existensi perempuan di ruang publik dan domestik manakala pemerintah menstimuli dengan dana bantuan dari Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM). Keywords :PNPM, Existensi, Ruang Publik, Ruang Domestik
Hayat M1, Vina Salviana2 & Rachmad KDS3Staf Pengajar. 1,2 & 3Jurusan Sosiologi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu PolitikUniversitas Muhammadiyah MalangAlamat Korespondensi : Jl. Raya Tlogomas 246 MalangEmail: vina_salviana@yahoo.co.idABSTRACTKegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Togogan, KecamatanSrengat, Kabupaten Blitar adalah salah satu bentuk kepedulian Jurusan Sosiologi FISIP UMM terhadapmasyarakat. Dipilihnya pemuda sebagai sasaran kegiatan, tidak bisa dipisahkan dari sedikitnya ruangapresiasi yang diperuntukkan bagi penerus bangsa. Pemuda di Kelurahan Togogan mengalamikemandegan dan terbatasnya ruang berkreasi. Hal tersebut tidak bisa dipisahkan dari tidak berfungsinyaKarang Taruna. Oleh karena itu, mengaktifkan dan memberdayakan karang taruna pada dasarnyaadalah memberi wadah bagi tersalurkannya kreativitas.Permasalahan yang muncul berkaitan dengan pemberdayaan karang taruna adalah minimnyaketerlibatan kader dalam aktivitas kelurahan. Selain itu ketidakefektifan anggota karang taruna dilembaga desa, berimplikasi pada lemahnya posisi tawar dengan pengambil kebijakan.Untuk mendukung terciptanya pemuda yang berdaya, anggota dan pengurus karang tarunaharus mempunyai kemampuan konsolidasi. Hal tersebut penting bagi terciptanya karang taruna yangtangguh dan diperhitungkan. Konsolidasi akan bisa dijalankan secara baik dan berkelanjutan manakaladalam diri anggota dan pengurus mempunyai kesadaran bahwa sence of belonging terhadap karangtaruna adalah sebuah keniscayaan.Kondisi tersebut dapat menciptakan atmosfer kepedulian terhadap karang taruna. Implikasilogisnya adalah aneka rupa kegiatan akan bisa dijalankan dengan penuh dedikasi dan tanggungjawab.Menumbuhkan kesadaran, merupakan hal penting bagi pengokohan pondasi karang taruna.Olehkarena itu kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh tim pengabdian mencoba untuk memberi ruang bagipengembangan kreativitas dan komitmen terhadap organisasi. Model ceramah dan simulasi permainanserta menempatkan pemuda sebagai bagian dari pemecah masalah adalah cara terbaik untukmendewasakan pemuda bahwa dengan berlatih dan terlibat langsung dalam organisasi (karang taruna)bisa menumbuhkan kepedulian bagi diri maupun lingkungannya.Kegiatan pelatihan selama pengabdian (pembentukan karang taruna Kelurahan Togogan, PelatihanKeorganisasian, Pelatihan Kepemimpinan, dan Pelatihan Administrasi dan Kesekretariatan mendapatrespon yang baik dari peserta dan merupakan ruang kesadaran yang berakhir pada manifestasi"partisipatif" yang menjadi bagian dari kepedulian berorganisasi.Kata Kunci : Revitalisasi, Karang Taruna
During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. conservative politicians and the media downplayed the risk of both contracting COVID-19 and the effectiveness of recommended health behaviors. Health behavior theories suggest perceived vulnerability to a health threat and perceived effectiveness of recommended health-protective behaviors determine motivation to follow recommendations. Accordingly, we predicted that-as a result of politicization of the pandemic-politically conservative Americans would be less likely to enact recommended health-protective behaviors. In two longitudinal studies of U.S. residents, political conservatism was inversely associated with perceived health risk and adoption of health-protective behaviors over time. The effects of political orientation on health-protective behaviors were mediated by perceived risk of infection, perceived severity of infection, and perceived effectiveness of the health-protective behaviors. In a global cross-national analysis, effects were stronger in the U.S. (N = 10,923) than in an international sample (total N = 51,986), highlighting the increased and overt politicization of health behaviors in the U.S.
Background. The effective implementation of government policies and measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires compliance from the public. This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trust ingovernment regarding COVID-19 control with the adoption of recommended health behaviours and prosocial behaviours, and potential determinants of trust in government duringthe pandemic.Methods. This study analysed data from the PsyCorona Survey, an international project onCOVID-19 that included 23 733 participants from 23 countries (representative in age andgender distributions by country) at baseline survey and 7785 participants who also completedfollow-up surveys. Specification curve analysis was used to examine concurrent associationsbetween trust in government and self-reported behaviours. We further used structural equation model to explore potential determinants of trust in government. Multilevel linear regressions were used to examine associations between baseline trust and longitudinal behavioural changes.Results. Higher trust in government regarding COVID-19 control was significantly associatedwith higher adoption of health behaviours (handwashing, avoiding crowded space, self-quarantine) and prosocial behaviours in specification curve analyses (median standardised β =0.173 and 0.229, p < 0.001). Government perceived as well organised, disseminating clear messages and knowledge on COVID-19, and perceived fairness were positively associated withtrust in government (standardised β = 0.358, 0.230, 0.056, and 0.249, p < 0.01). Higher trustat baseline survey was significantly associated with lower rate of decline in health behavioursover time ( p for interaction = 0.001).Conclusions. These results highlighted the importance of trust in government in the control of Covid-19.
The present paper examines longitudinally how subjective perceptions about COVID-19, one's community, and the government predict adherence to public health measures to reduce the spread of the virus. Using an international survey (N = 3040), we test how infection risk perception, trust in the governmental response and communications about COVID-19, conspiracy beliefs, social norms on distancing, tightness of culture, and community punishment predict various containment-related attitudes and behavior. Autoregressive analyses indicate that, at the personal level, personal hygiene behavior was predicted by personal infection risk perception. At social level, social distancing behaviors such as abstaining from face-to-face contact were predicted by perceived social norms. Support for behavioral mandates was predicted by confidence in the government and cultural tightness, whereas support for anti-lockdown protests was predicted by (lower) perceived clarity of communication about the virus. Results are discussed in light of policy implications and creating effective interventions.