Suchergebnisse

For many years, improving air quality has been great attention of the whole world. It has been recognized that air pollution as a hypothetically hazardous type of environmental pollution and polluted air directly affects the human health. In Asian countries, it has converged less attention of ever growing most alarming and hazardous issue of air pollution. This paper presents a case study of Lahore city of Pakistan for the prediction of Air Quality Index (AQI) using hybrid approach of Neuro Fuzzy (NF) inference system. The ambient air data of Lahore was taken from the Environmental Protection | department (EPD) working under government of the Punjab. For results evaluation, data was recorded at different station in the period from April 2007 to May 2015. The fuzzy rules have been generated according to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PAK-EPA) standard of AQI. The NF Inference Model took the air pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) as inputs and predicted the air quality index as good, moderate, or unhealthy air. The results showed that NF based AQI prediction model classifies the AQI proficiently, robustly, and accurately as compared to conventional method.

AbstractIn this study, a series of laboratory tests were performed on 25 water samples obtained from the high‐altitude glacier‐fed water resources of Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan. The variations in the measured physico‐chemical parameters were found as follows: conductivity 62–989 (µS/cm), turbidity 0.94–10.86 (NTU), pH 6–8.4, TDS 40–830 (mg/L), hardness 30–305 (mg/L), Ca2+ 35–135 (mg/L), K+ 2–12.2 (mg/L), Mg2+ 0–17.9 (mg/L), Na+ 2–27.6 (mg/L), Zn2+ 0–3.5 (mg/L), Cu2+ 0.27–3.51 (mg/L), Cl− 25–162 (mg/L), SO42− 0–83 (mg/L), NO3− 0–0.94 (mg/L), and HCO3− 15–327 (mg/L). The ion charge balance error was found within the range of ±10% with a mean value of 5.36%. The Gibbs plot and ionic ratios showed that the rock‐weathering, especially carbonate dissolution, was the major hydrogeochemical process that influenced water chemistry. The water samples were classified as excellent (56%), good (40%), and medium (4%) quality based on the entropy water quality index (EWQI). The specificity and sensitivity of the discriminant model were found 100% and 90% respectively with a model‐hit‐ratio of 95.8% which satisfied this analysis.

Background: Suicidal behavior is an understudied subject in Pakistan, a South-Asian developing country with a predominantly Muslim population. Aims: This study examined the characteristics and management of patients presenting with Deliberate Self-Harm (DSH) to the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients (n = 98), over a period of 12 months was carried out. The demographic details of patients; method of DSH and, if drugs were used, their type, route, and quantity; reason for DSH; past psychiatric history; and outcome were recorded. Results: The mean age of subjects was 23.5 years. The majority of patients were female; most had used drugs for DSH. After initial treatment in the ED, 34 patients were admitted to medical wards for further treatment, 12 were discharged from ED, while 52 patients left against medical advice. The main reasons for leaving against medical advice were financial constraints and fear of legal issues. Seven patients had at least one previous episode of DSH. Conclusions: Patients who left the ED without psychosocial assessment are at increased risk for repetition of DSH as well as suicide.