Suchergebnisse

Mit einem feierlichen Wahlakt zelebrieren die Bischöfe, die sich zum Konzil in Rom getroffen haben, am 18. Juli 1870 in Anwesenheit von Pius IX. den Primat der Römischen Kirche. Am folgenden Tag, dem 19. Juli, bricht der von Bismarck zur Beschleunigung der deutschen Vereinigung provozierte Konflikt aus. So schreibt Emile Keller, Abgeordneter des Ober-Elsass: "Nun befinden wir uns im Krieg und die Unfehlbarkeit wird im Kanonendonner verkündet. Niemand kann voraussagen, was für Ereignisse noch geschehen werden. aber wenn man Katholik und Franzose ist, muss man Vertrauen in die Zukunft haben". Als am 4. September die Republik in Frankreich ausgerufen wird, ziehen in Straßburg die deutsche Verwaltung und mit ihr eine Schar von ersten Beamten ein. Bald schon werden das Elsass und ein Teil von Lothringen von den Deutschen militärisch besetzt.

Au XVIIIe siècle, les frontières ecclésiastiques ne coïncident pas avec les frontières politiques en Alsace, ce qui pose de multiples problèmes. Les trois princes-évêques qui se partagent la juridiction sur cet espace doivent prêter un serment de fidélité, tant au roi de France qu'à l'Empereur, et se soumettre à ces deux dominations concurrentes, ce qui ne va pas sans conflits, négociations et tentatives plus ou moins heureuses de résolution.

La Révolution s'est-elle déroulée de façon différente en Alsace que dans le reste de la France ? Il serait sans doute prétentieux de l'affirmer, tant le mouvement centralisateur paraît fort à cette époque. Toutefois, deux facteurs y induisent des comportements originaux : d'une part, la présence de la frontière (1) et en corollaire l'omniprésence de la guerre ; d'autre part, la diversité des religions (2) pratiquées dans cette région.

Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) launched the flexible learning study format FLEX, a blended learning design allowing students increased flexibility as to when and where they study. FLEX reduces classroom time by about half, while adding an e-learning environment for self-study that includes instructional videos. An analysis of the first two cohorts in the assessment level showed that the new study format was broadly accepted and that students using the FLEX format achieved exam results equivalent to students in the conventional learning format.

In Southeast Asia, the large majority of the population remains affected by parasitic worms despite longstanding mass treatment and health education campaigns. Soil-transmitted helminths and also the fish-borne liver fluke negatively affect development during early childhood. Here, the prevalence of helminth infections in stool samples of 610 mother-child pairs from Khammouane, Bolikhamxay and Vientiane provinces in Lao People's Democratic Republic was determined by formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique. Overall, 15.1% of the children and 46.9% of the mothers were positive for at least one helminth species. Helminth detection rates varied significantly by province with the highest prevelance in Khammouane and the lowest in Bolikhamxay province. Mothers that were positive for soil-transmitted helminths were significantly more likely to have children positive for the same helminth species (p < 0.01) but this was not the case for the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. A protective effect of breastfeeding against soil-transmitted helminths was revealed. Our data reconfirm the generally high helminth burden among mother-child pairs who likely share a number of risky lifestyle behaviors also with other family members. To reduce maternal burden of helminths, we propose that anti-helmintic treatment of women of childbearing age and of mothers during postnatal care should be included in the national strategy.

Despite several recent reports of outbreaks of hepatitis A, little is known about the disease burden in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR). We conducted a cross-sectional age-stratified seroprevalence study of anti–hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgG and risk factors in a rural province (Xiengkhouang) and Vientiane capital in Lao PDR. Overall, 62% of participants were anti-HAV positive in Xiengkhouang Province compared with 45.5% in Vientiane capital. In Xiengkhouang, 23.7% of 5- to 10-year-olds were already seropositive compared with 5% in Vientiane. A dramatic increase in seroprevalence occurred between 15- to 20-year and 21- to 30-year age-groups (35.7–62.4%, Xiengkhouang, and 11.5–69.7%, Vientiane) until essentially all older adults were positive in both locations. The main risk factors for HAV antibodies were age, non–Lao-Tai ethnicity, and food-related risk factors. In conclusion, Lao children seem to be exposed very early to HAV, particularly in rural settings, and exposure continues throughout their lives, mostly without being reported. In the older birth cohorts, the high seroprevalence may largely reflect poor sanitation and exposure during childhood. In Vientiane capital, the lower seroprevalence at young ages may reflect better water sanitation since the late 1990s. A comparison with neighboring Thailand indicates that the impact of improved sanitation in Lao PDR began only two decades later. Further improvements in water sanitation, in particular in the rural districts, and better food hygiene are warranted. Our study also suggests that HAV infections are underreported. Improved reporting would provide guidance for targeted interventions to further reduce HAV infections.