Suchergebnisse

It is frequently argued that informal groups are established, designed and maintained because of their effectiveness in addressing common security challenges. The Quartet's poor record in conflict mediation defies this view. Putting forward a 'power-based' argument, this article identifies key motivations that can sustain informal cooperation even in the absence of effective collective action. Specifically, cooperation in the Quartet rests on an 'implicit bargain'. The weaker parties accept leadership by the USA, providing the most powerful member with a legitimizing function and additional clout. In return, they gain a seat at the diplomatic table resulting primarily in 'reputational' advantages. Adapted from the source document.

France's prominent role in Europe's policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict represents an interesting case study for the evolving research on Europeanization. While France's involvement in the CFSP is frequently described as a case of national projection through the EU, this view needs qualification. Proposing a novel conceptual categorization of different member state approaches to European foreign policy cooperation, this article shows that France's involvement in Europe's Middle East policy has gone through different phases. Guided by de Gaulle's politique arabe, France assumed a 'leadership' role in Europe's common foreign policy, leaving a strong mark on its collective diplomacy. Since the 1990s, however, a number of complementary changes have weakened France's capacity for leadership, challenging well-established French foreign policy positions. France's response to the mounting constraints of EU-level cooperation has oscillated between 're-nationalization' and efforts to 'facilitate' a common European approach, displaying a considerable degree of pragmatism and tactical adaptation. Adapted from the source document.

Using the Europeanization concept as framework of analysis, this article examines the interaction of Germany's national policy with Europe's collective foreign policy in a central policy area -- the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It argues that Germany's conflict resolution policy evolved in close interaction with Europe's common foreign policy. Germany has relied on EPC/CFSP as a framework to pursue national objectives and foreign policy priorities more effectively. What is more, four decades of European foreign policy co-operation toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict also impacted on the substance and practices of Germany's national foreign policy, providing a cover for a more 'even-handed' and active policy. Adapted from the source document.

The new American administration offers a window of opportunity to solve the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The United States & the European Union will hold a prominent position in the negotiations, but they must draw the lessons of past failures. Mediators must be active, international control mechanisms have to be implemented, the living conditions of Palestinians need to be quickly enhanced, & Hamas has to be allowed to govern, otherwise the Middle East peace-making process will be once more hampered. Adapted from the source document.

1. The EU as a policy exporter? The conceptual framework / Patrick Muller and Gerda Falkner -- 2. The EU in trade policy : from regime shaper to status quo power / Dirk de Bievre and Arlo Poletti -- 3. The EU's Common Agricultural Policy : a case of defensive policy import / Carsten Daugbjerg and Christilla Roederer-Rynning -- 4. Food safety : the resilient resistance of the EU / Vessela Hristova -- 5. Competition policy : the EU and global networks / Marco Botta -- 6. Social rights : the EU and the International Labour Organization (ILO) / Guido Schwellnus -- 7. EU environmental policy : greening the world? / Katharina Holzinger and Thomas Sommerer -- 8. Transport policy : EU as a taker, shaper or shaker of the global civil aviation regime? / Marcin Dabrowski -- 9. Migration policy : an ambiguous EU role in specifying and spreading international refugee protection norms / Florian Trauner -- 10. Nuclear non-proliferation : the EU as an emerging international actor? / Patrick Muller -- 11. EU financial market regulation : protecting distinctive policy preferences / Zdenek Kudrna -- 12. Comparative analysis : the EU as a policy exporter? / Gerda Falkner and Patrick Muller.

This article seeks to refine the joint decision trap model by introducing additional time-based exit mechanisms. The procrastination of decisions, temporary derogation, and transitory compensation enable European Union (EU) member states to escape gridlock by distributing the costs and benefits of a decision over the time axis. In addition, time-based mechanisms not only help to overcome stalemate in policy-making, they also lock member states into a policy regime that may gradually be strengthened once delayed measures take effect. We demonstrate the workings of time-based strategies for the case of the EU's Emission Trading System (EU ETS). Given the diversity of EU member states' interests, the evolution of a mandatory and increasingly ambitious EU ETS presents a puzzle for EU scholars. While established exit mechanisms do not provide conclusive explanations for the case of the EU ETS, we argue that time-based strategies were key to move the EU's policy on emission trading forward. Adapted from the source document.

The interactions between the European Union (EU) and international policy regimes are ever more important. Much of the existing literature has focused on the bottom-up dimension of the EU's role in global institutions, assuming that the EU predominantly seeks to project its policies to the global level. However, our review of empirical research reveals that EU policy exports tend to be rare and that EU-global interactions are more varied. On a global scale, the EU is not a hegemonic power that can easily transfer its standards to international regimes, nor does it always desire to do so. This article conceptualizes the EU's interactions with international institutions in four modes (policy export, policy promotion, policy protection and policy import), establishes different rationales motivating EU actors to engage through a given mode and relates recent empirical research to this comprehensive typology. Adapted from the source document.

Stress has long been viewed as a contributor to the pain experienced by chronic pain patients. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between anticipated and experienced stress and anticipated and experienced pain levels among three patient groups: chronic pain patients, patients about to receive molar extraction (acute pain group), and a no‐pain comparison group. Results showed that chronic pain patients anticipated significantly more stress than did an acute pain or a non‐pain comparison patient group but reported non‐significant differences in the actual level of stress experienced. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine cognitive factors, such as perceived daily hassles, which may contribute to this increased anticipatory stress. Results showed that there was consistency among the chronic pain patients as to the types of anticipated stressors, which were similar to those previously reported by chronic headache sufferers.1 The chronic pain group had significantly higher scores than the two remaining groups on the stress they anticipated from hassles related both to practical considerations (F2,45= 3.5, p c 0.05) and to health (F2,45= 9.37, p < 0.001). Strategies the dentist can use in combination with dental therapy to reduce cognitive‐based anticipatory stress as well as strategies for collaboration with the patient and a mental health therapist are discussed.SummaryThis research shows that elevated levels of anticipatory stress mark this chronic orofacial patient group. Specific stressors such as maintaining high standards and wasting time seem to be one source of this anticipatory stress. Dentists are encouraged to combine their dental therapy with referral to a mental health care professional and to use simple psychological interventions such as guided imagery, deep breathing, and positive self‐talk. These strategies can effectively reduce this patient group's anticipatory stress and its resulting deleterious effects.