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Approaching the urban and territorial planning process two main facts need to be considered. First, this activity, as a decision-making process oriented to define and introduce specific policies, is generally influenced by the actions of pressure groups. Second, urban and territorial planning, via the conditionings and limits imposed upon the ways in which land can be used, may affect many social dynamics in ways where there is not always a clear distinction between the costs and the benefits. The contribution highlights these issues using the economic analysis tools and aim to consider in particular the hidden costs of the urban and territorial planning, namely: transaction, operational and assessment costs. The results of the analysis highlights how the planning process allows to protect public goods, such as environmental health and safety, as well as to ensure competitive markets. But an excessive or misusing of the planning instrument is harmful, produces unnecessary costs for businesses, citizens and public institutions, fuels corruption, improves injustice, paralyzes economic activities and loads the action of government. Too many rules or confusing and contradictory rules are equivalent to no rules. The normative proliferation feeds the uncertainty and asymmetric information, increases the possibilities of interpretation encouraging elusory behaviors that constitute the first step towards the illegality. Improving the planning system is therefore an essential prerequisite to modernize the countries, but taking actions to correct, from time to time, individual dysfunctions caused by wrong, outdated, unnecessary invasive and rigid rules it's not enough. It is necessary to change the decision-making process, from hierarchical systems to a more complex system that involves participation, monitoring and evaluation and is able to help decision makers to better understand the outcomes of their choices (minimizing the cost for the public institution), to limit (if it is not possible to eliminate) the opportunistic behavior and, if verified, to punish it immediately.

Il dibattito sul concetto di smart city è stato ampliato in questi ultimi anni. Per identificare i fattori della smart city, alcuni studiosi sottolineano il ruolo di alcuni elementi, tra cui lo sviluppo economico, il contesto favorevole alle imprese, la sostenibilità ambientale, l'innovazione sociale, il processo di informazione e conoscenza e infine il capitale umano e sociale. Da questo punto di vista, il concetto di smart city è relazionato sia all'efficienza urbana che al benessere dei cittadini sotto l'ombrello comune dell'uso di tecnologie appropriate. Anche le imprese e le istituzioni hanno contribuito a questo dibattito. Queste ultime hanno unito il concetto di smartness con la capacità di utilizzare le ICT (tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione) quale strumento per rafforzare la crescita economica. In particolare, la strategia europea 2020 focalizzata su una crescita sostenibile, inclusiva e intelligente considera le città come motori per lo sviluppo e le città intelligenti come un modello normativo per la città contemporanea. Pertanto, come misurare la smartness sta diventando sempre più fondamentale. Partendo dall'analisi degli indicatori di smartness sviluppati negli ultimi anni, l'obiettivo del lavoro è verificare quanto questi indici siano in grado di supportare la strategia Europa 2020 nel raggiungere i propri obiettivi, e nel diventare così uno strumento politico efficace. ; The debate about the smart city concept has been widened during these last years. In literature, to define this concept differ- ent ways have been proposed where enthusiastic positions have been counterposed by critical and negative views. To identify the smart city factors, some scholars highlight the role of some issues among others economic development, business-friendly context, environmental sustainability, social innovation, information and knowledge process, and finally human and social capital. In this light, the smart city concept is related to both urban efficiency and citizens' wellbeing under the common umbrella of the use of appropriate technologies. Even firms and institutions have contributed to this debate. The latter have joined smartness with the ability of using ICT (Information and Communication Technology) as instrument to strengthen economic growth. Particularly, European Strategy 2020 focusing on a sustainable, inclusive and smart growth considers cities as engines for the development and smart cities as a normative model for the contemporary city. Therefore, how to measure smartness is becoming more and more crucial. Starting from the analysis of the smartness indicators developed in these last years, the aim of the paper is to verify how much these indexes are able to support the Europe 2020 strategy in reaching its own targets, becoming so an effective policy tool. ; Le débat sur le concept de ville intelligente s'est élargi ces dernières années. Pour identifier les facteurs de la ville intelligente, des spécialistes ont souligné le rôle de certains éléments tels que le développement économique, un contexte favorable aux entreprises, la durabilité environnementale, l'innovation sociale, le système d'information et de connaissance ainsi que le capital humain et social. Dans cette optique, le concept de ville inteligente est lié à la fois à l'efficacité de la gestion urbaine et au bien-être des citoyens, sous l'égide commune de l'utilisation de technologies appropriées. Les entreprises et les institutions ont également contribué à ce débat. Celles-ci ont associé, au concept d'intelligence, l'usage des TIC (technologies d'information et de la communication) comme un moyen d'améliorer la croissance économique. En particulier, la stratégie européenne 2020, axée sur une croissance durable, inclusive et intelligente, considère, d'une part, les villes comme des moteurs de développement et, d'autre part, la ville intelligente comme un modèle normatif de la ville contemporaine. Par conséquent, les indicateurs de performance de la ville intelligente deviennent de plus en plus importants. A partir de l'analyse des indicateurs développés ces dernières années, le but de ce travail est celui de vérifier dans quelle mesure ces indicateurs peuvent appuyer la stratégie Europe 2020 à fin d'atteindre ses objectifs et, ainsi, devenir un outil politique efficace.

The urbanization and the vulnerability of a city make challenging the ability of remaining along a sustainable development path. From a sustainability point of view, the smartness concept has been enlarged up to incorporate the definition of sustainable development with the so-called smart and sustainable cities. Another aspect is gaining importance in this debate: the growing challenges posed by climate change and by environmental issue at large. This issue has forced governments and in particular cities, which represent the main place for the prevention and the implementation of initiatives against negative environmental events, to develop flexible and resilient actions, initiatives and plans. In the near future, the majority of the population will be establishing in cities or urban context, so that the active actions will be based on the need to adopt solutions that address the principle of resilience. Since policies, plans and projects should succeed in considering together these three principles – sustainability, smartness and resilience – the aim of this paper consists in analyzing the common features of these concepts which may be at the basis of an integrated approach. Adapting the definition already accepted for buildings in terms of bright buildings, the relevance of brightness issue consists in developing a new paradigm of reference for a city.

Negli ultimi anni il termine "resilienza" è entrato prepotentemente nelle politiche e nelle prassi riguardanti lo sviluppo del territorio. Concetto non nuovo e nato nell'ambito meccanico e ingegneristico, è passato all'ecologia e, successivamente, alle scienze sociali, tra cui non ultima la geografia. E proprio in un'ottica geografica, interpretando cioè il territorio attraverso il paradigma della complessità sistemica, è possibile leggere questo fenomeno in un'accezione dinamica e processuale: la risposta al cambiamento, dovuto a traumi di diverso tipo, non semplicemente secondo modalità adattive (passive), bensì attraverso una reazione, cioè mettendo in atto una risposta "rigenerativa" da parte del territorio e, quindi, delle sue comunità. In altre parole, esiste una resilienza comunitaria che si manifesta attraverso la capacità dei gruppi umani di resistere a un cambiamento radicale, non solo dovuto a stravolgimenti di tipo naturale, ma anche sociale. Questi i presupposti, per indagare il fenomeno del viaggio lento, del cammino attraverso le "terre mutate" a causa dei terremoti che hanno colpito l'Appennino centrale tra il 2009 e il 2017. Un viaggio della resilienza di comunità motivato da una forte partecipazione dal basso. Il contributo, così, si propone di descrivere il significato e la dimensione che questo cammino ha assunto, e di raccontare, anche attraverso le narrazioni dei suoi protagonisti, le sue principali tappe. ; In the last few years, the term "resilience" has entered powerfully in the poli-cies and practices concerning the territorial development. Concept not new and born in the mechanical and engineering field, it has moved on to ecology and, subsequently, to social sciences, including geography. Precisely from a geographical point of view, that is to say, interpreting the territory through the paradigm of systemic complexity, it is possible to read this phenomenon in a dynamic and procedural sense: the response to change, due to different types of trauma, not simply in an adaptive way (passive), but through a reaction, that is by implementing a "regenerative" response from the ter-ritory and, therefore, from its communities. In other words, there is a community resil-ience that manifests itself through the ability of human groups to resist radical change, not only due to natural but also social upheavals.These are the assumptions to investigate the phenomenon of slow travel, of the journey through the "changed lands" due to the earthquakes that hit the central Apennines between 2009 and 2017. A journey of community resilience motivated by a strong bottom-up participation. The contribution, thus, aims to describe the meaning and the dimension that this path is taking, and to tell, also through the narratives of its pro-tagonists, its main stages

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of an innovative and strategic agriculture industry, the objectives on which it focuses and the local actors and policies that could facilitate its de- velopment. In this framework, we intend to highlight the agricultural model of family farming, seen as the most capable of catching up and adopting the innovative trends. In the face of these innovations, which are leading agriculture far from a "productivist" model, that is disconnected from the speci city of environmental and territorial resources, Italy still shows some lag in following a multifunctional model on the basis of quanti able factors. Nevertheless, family farms represent today the best alternative to embrace a multifunctional agriculture linked to a sustainable rural development, as indicated by National and EU policy. ; Notre étude analyse les caractéristiques de l'agriculture innovante, les objectifs autour desquels elle est centrée et les acteurs et les politiques locales qui peuvent faciliter son développement. Dans ce contexte, nous voulons mettre en évidence que le modèle de l'agriculture familiale est le plus apte à récupérer et à tendre vers les tendances innovantes. Face à ces innovations qui changent l'aspect de l'agriculture, en faisant ressortir un modèle productiviste déconnecté de la spéci cité des ressources environnementales et territoriales, l'Italie des "données quantitatives" montre encore quelque retard à poursuivre une agriculture multifonctionnelle. Cependant, les exploitations familiales sont la meilleure alternative considérable pour embrasser une agricul- ture multifonctionnelle liée à un développement rural durable, comme indiqué par les politiques nationale et européenne.

The definition of a decision process, which implies the capacity to implement and realize an action involving all the actors interested, is crucial not only for taking adequate political decisions but even mainly for getting a democratic control of the decisions themselves. From a strategic planning point of view, decision process on public issues should be essentially considered as a process of participation, which involves political decision-makers as well as all the administrative organizations which have to realize the decisions taken and citizens and more generally all the stakeholders who will be impacted in a positive or negative way by such decisions. If this is the case, important issues arise: which is the methodology that should be followed to assess all the alternative solutions to adopt? How are analyzed the effects and the impacts of political decisions? How are evaluated the consequences of a set of actions? To answer to all these questions, Decision Support Systems (DSSs) have been developed. They include measurement tools such as cost-benefit analysis as well as relational methods of "rational analysis" such as multicriteria analysis. DSSs' allow decision makers to implement the best choices and decisions with the aim of reaching a Pareto improvement for the territory considered. Though these tools may be implemented to any socio-political decisions, in these last years the democratic and, therefore, political pressure has led to adopt DSSs' mainly for two specific themes: the environment and the sustainable mobility. Moreover, in the agenda of European institutions and local and national administrative governments, 1 sustainable mobility is become a high priority. In this framework, the methodology proposed combines two different approaches. On the one hand, the "classic" or top-down approach based on statistical data analysis is considered where the main target is the definition of some synthetic indicators, while on the other hand, the bottom-up approach is adopted, which is based on the Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) framework and on citizens' participation. This decision process as defined, should be followed for implementing specific and appropriate solutions at local level and for taking into consideration the peculiarities of the territory considered. Finally, a case-study regarding the ex-13th District of the Municipality of Rome is presented.

Starting from the literature on decision processes in public choices, aim of the paper is to suggest an integrated methodology to get a choice as much as possible shared and participated joining two different approaches. On one hand there is the "classic" or top-down approach based on statistical data analysis and handling, having as target the definition of some synthetic indicators. On the other hand there is a bottom-up approach based on the Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) logical framework and on citizens participation. Particularly the paper will apply the above mentioned methodology to face the theme of sustainable mobility showing at the end the results obtained in the analysis of the 13th District of the Municipality of Rome. The choice of sustainable mobility as a target of decision process lies on the fact that actually it is included with a high priority in the agenda of European institutions and (local and national) administrative governments. The proposed model does not provide a solution, but rather defines a process that is able to recognize the particularities of different territorial contexts to yield appropriate, case specific solutions.

L'accessibilità è considerata un fattore trainante dello sviluppo territoriale e un indicatore di performance chiave delle politiche di coesione. Tuttavia, in questo quadro un attore non viene ancora considerato: i porti turistici. Tuttavia, i porti turistici contribuiscono in modo decisivo allo sviluppo delle economie locali creando domanda per il turismo nautico e facilitando il collegamento con il turismo costiero. In questa prospettiva, l'articolo presenta una proposta metodologica per classificare i porti turistici secondo la loro capacità di agire come gateways territoriali applicandola al caso della città metropolitana di Cagliari. I risultati evidenziano l'utilità di una tale classificazione per lo sviluppo di una pianificazione integrata.

L'accessibilità è considerata un fattore trainante dello sviluppo territoriale e un indicatore di performance chiave delle politiche di coesione. Tuttavia, in questo quadro un attore non viene ancora considerato: i porti turistici. Tuttavia, i porti turistici contribuiscono in modo decisivo allo sviluppo delle economie locali creando domanda per il turismo nautico e facilitando il collegamento con il turismo costiero. In questa prospettiva, l'articolo presenta una proposta metodologica per classificare i porti turistici secondo la loro capacità di agire come gateways territoriali applicandola al caso della città metropolitana di Cagliari. I risultati evidenziano l'utilità di una tale classificazione per lo sviluppo di una pianificazione integrata.

The paper addresses the issue of the concurrent use of areas for military and civil activities. In particular, the paper analyzes the effect of planning tools on the valorization of a territorial enclave, namely a military training area located in the coastal area of the municipality of Villaputzu (South Sardinia, Italy), that is, moreover, a Site of Community Importance. In this area, thanks to an institutional agreements between the Municipal Administration of Villaputzu and the Ministry of Defense, has been possible define the coexisting ways where is an important coastal military easement. and the use of the coast for recreational tourism purposes through a specific planning tool. In this specific case, the Local Coastline Plan (LCP) has been identified as the planning tool, which better addresses the co-existence of apparently opposite land uses and interests, as those expressed by the local municipality and those expressed by the military hierarchy. The assessment method is based on the capacity of the Local Coastline Plan (LCP) and the Site of Community Interest Management Plan (SCIMP) to create ecosystem services in the military enclave. The evaluation of the LCP and SCIMP shows how their combined action favors the environmental enhancement of territory, contributing to the formation of ecosystem services, The area, initially subject to different constraint (military easements and SIC rules) evolve, by that way, from 'anticommons' to 'semicommons', guaranteeing sustainable renewal of economic development of the area and looking to become 'commons' through planning of ecosystem services.

The paper addresses the issue of the concurrent use of coastal areas for military training and civil activities, namely tourism. In the paper, starting from the consideration of publicly owned assets as 'semi-commons', we propose a method based on the comparison of planning instruments related to the different uses, and try to model them in a grid, where different weights and degrees of evaluation can be considered, in order to promote, rather than blocking, possible activities, compatible with concurrent use. The military areas in Sardinia (region and island, Italy) are around 234 km2, which constitutes 60% of the national surface affected by military easements. This situation is due to its geographic position, considered centrality in the Mediterranean for strategic reasons. This contribution evaluates the performance of the Local Coastline Plan (LCP) and the Site management plan of Community Interest (SCI) in conditions of military constraint. The case study is the municipality of Villaputzu South Sardinia, Italy), where an important coastal military easement and the use of the coast for recreational tourism purposes coexist together through specific planning, a consequence of institutional agreements between the Municipal Administration of Villaputzu and the Ministry of Defense. The idea is considering the concurrent possible land uses guaranteed by the different planning instruments, instead of focusing, as it is generally the rule, on the sum of constraints provided by the laws. The local coastline plan has been identified as the ideal planning tool, which addresses the co-existence of apparently opposite land uses and interests, as those expressed by the local municipal planning and those expressed by the military. An evaluation of the congruence of the specific objectives of the LCP and SCI shows how their combined action favors the environmental enhancement of Sardinia, contributing to the formation of ecosystem services, even in particular conditions arising from military easements. These are sites that evolve from 'anticommons' to 'semicommons'. In fact, the military release process in Sardinia, together with the promiscuous military and civil use, activates unique governance policies of their kind that find a significant field of application in Sardinia to guarantee sustainable renewal of economic development of the 'semi-commons' awaiting to become 'commons'.