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Introduction, L.W. Barnthouse, W.R. Munns, Jr., and M.T. SorensenTHE MANAGEMENT-SCIENCE INTERFACEManaging Risk to Ecologic Populations, G.R. Biddinger, P. Calow, P. Delorme, G. Harris, B. Hope, B.L. Lin, M. Sorensen, and P. van den Brink Population Protection Goals, C. Menzie, N. Bettinger, A. Fritz, L. Kapustka, H. Regan, V. Møller, and H. NoelSCIENTIFIC ISSUES IN POPULATION-LEVEL ECOLOGIC RISK ASSESSMENTDensity Dependence in Ecologic Risk Assessment, S.J. MoeGenetic Variation in Population-Level Ecologic Risk Assessment, D. Nacci and A. HoffmanThe Spatial Structure of Populations and Ecologic Risk Assessment, W.G. Landis, and A. Deines What Conservation Biology and Natural Resource Management Can Offer Population-Level Ecologic Risk Assessment, J.A. Gervais and H.M. ReganAPPROACHES TO POPULATION-LEVEL ECOLOGIC RISK ASSESSMENTEmpiric Approaches to Population-Level Ecologic Risk Assessment, T.M. Carlsen, P.F. Chapman, S. Brassfield, N. Elmegaard, A. Hoffman, W. Landis, S. J. Moe, D. Nacci, H.M. Noel, and J. Spromburg Modeling Approaches to Population-Level Ecologic Risk Assessment, W.R. Munns, Jr., J.A. Gervais, A.A. Hoffman, U. Hommen, D.E. Nacci, M. Nakamaru, R. Sibly, and C.J. Topping A Framework for Population-Level ERA, R. Wentsel, N. Beyer, V. Forbes, S. Maund, and R. Pastorok A PATH FORWARD Issues and Recommendations, W.R. Munns, Jr, L.W. Barnthouse, and M.T. SorensenREFERENCES AND APPENDICESReferencesAppendix 1Decision Context ScenariosAppendix 2Workshop Exercise: Application of 2 Modeling Techniques in a Theoretical Assessment for Agricultural Pesticide RegistrationAppendix 3Supplemental Reading List.

The ecosystem services (ES) concept holds much promise for environmental decision making. Even so, the concept has yet to gain full traction in the decisions and policies of environmental agencies in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere. In this paper we examine the opportunities for and implications of including ES in risk assessments and the risk management decisions that they inform. We assert that use of ES will: 1) lead to more comprehensive environmental protection; 2) help to articulate the benefits of environmental decisions, policies, and actions; 3) better inform the derivation of environmental quality standards; 4) enable integration of human health and ecological risk assessment; and 5) facilitate horizontal integration of policies, regulations, and programs. We provide the technical basis and supporting rationale for each assertion, relying on examples taken from experiences in the United States and European Union. Specific recommendations are offered for use of ES in risk assessment and risk management, and issues and challenges to advancing use of ES are described together with some of the science needed to improve the value of the ES concept to environmental protection.