Suchergebnisse

This paper presents a post-project evaluation of an award winning Joint Forest Management (JFM) program in the Shiwalik Hills, Haryana, India. The focus is on the development and management of a series of small dams which commanded the major proportion of funds in the project. Our findings are based on a rapid survey of 28 Hill Resource Management Societies (HRMS) and a detailed case study of two (HRMS) in the Morni-Pinjore Forest Division of Haryana. Over the period 1990-98 the Ford Foundation, Tata Energy Research Institute and Haryana Forest Department worked together to scale-up the highly successful Sukhomajiri watershed management model. The project can hardly be termed a success. Due to rapid siltation less than 20 percent of dams were functioning in 2000. A number of factors contributed to the failure. These include lack of an effective catchment stabilization plan, lack of effective leadership in management of dams and lack of interest on the part of farmers who had either tubewells or substantial income from non-farm sources. In summary, government and donor agencies attempting to scale up participatory watershed management must be aware of the pre-conditions needed for success.

This paper analyses the underlying causes of secondary forest formation and recovery in India, particularly the Western Ghats region of south India, from precolonial times to the present. In the pre colonial period, hunter gatherers, shifting cultivators and settled cultivators were the dominant users of forest land, with some limited timber felling by local chieftains and kings. There was limited secondary forest formation following extractive activities by the communities and the State. The State takeover of forests for commercial timber exploitation during the colonial period, the resulting alienation of local community rights, and the over exploitation of forest products from limited areas accessible to the community were key factors in the large-scale formation of secondary forests. In the post independence period, the diversion of forestland for other purposes and industrial pressures led to deforestation and forest degradation. Currently, forest cover is relatively low and primary forests exist only in hilly tracts. However, forest cover has stabilised in spite of increasing population density. With the passing of the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, which banned forest clearing, forest conversion pressures were reduced. During the last decade, the rehabilitation of degraded secondary forests and the regeneration of secondary forest on degraded land by communities have contributed to the stabilisation of forest cover. The paper hypothesises that joint management of forests by governments and communities, as well as policies to reduce dependence on fuelwood, may have paved the way for this favourable development.