Suchergebnisse

This research examines the utility of spatial analysis for studying nonprofit sectors and the relations between nonprofits and for-profits. Information was obtained on nonprofit and for-profit education and human service providers in six metropolitan areas. Methods of spatial econometrics were used to examine the determinants of nonprofit locational patterns and the degree to which the locations of nonprofits were influenced by the locations of comparable nonprofits and for-profits. Similar nonprofits were found to be clustered, although the pattern differed across metropolitan areas. For the most part, a model of needs and resources explained the clustering. Exceptions were found, however, indicating clustering based on other factors over and above needs and resources. For educational support services, nonprofits were affected by comparable nonprofits in two sites. In youth services, nonprofits tend to locate near comparable for-profits. In Boston, nonprofits clustered with for-profits in a number of service categories.

This article quantifies the impact of civil wars on economic growth at home and in nearby countries. Three alternative measures of nearness—contiguity, length of contiguous borders, and distance of closest approach—are used to capture the spatial dispersion of civil war consequences. We present short‐run panel estimates (at five‐year intervals) and long‐run (1961–95) panel estimates for the world. Generally, the distance measures, novel to this study, and not contiguity provides the most accurate measure of the diffusion of the negative economic consequences of civil wars on other countries. Unlike earlier studies, we also investigate the temporal influence of civil wars on growth at home and in nearby countries. Both the duration and the timing of civil wars have an economic impact.

A neoclassical growth model is used to empirically test for the influences of a civil war on steady-state income per capita both at home and in neighboring countries. This model provides the basis for measuring long-run and short-run effects of civil wars on income per capita growth in the host country and its neighbors. Evidence of significant collateral damage on economic growth in neighboring nations is uncovered. In addition, this damage is attributed to country-specific influences rather than to migration, human capital, or investment factors. As the intensity of the measure used to proxy the conflict increases, there are enhanced neighbor spillovers. Moreover, collateral damage from civil wars to growth is more pronounced in the short run.

A neoclassical growth model is used to empirically test for the influences of a civil war on steady-state income per capita both at home & in neighboring countries. This model provides the basis for measuring long-run & short-run effects of civil wars on income per capita growth in the host country & its neighbors. Evidence of significant collateral damage on economic growth in neighboring nations is uncovered. In addition, this damage is attributed to country-specific influences rather than to migration, human capital, or investment factors. As the intensity of the measure used to proxy the conflict increases, there are enhanced neighbor spillovers. Moreover, collateral damage from civil wars to growth is more pronounced in the short run. 4 Tables, 1 Appendix, 29 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications, Inc.]

This article improves and refines the joint product model so that it can better analyze nuclear war alliances. In particular, the refined models demonstrate that allies' responses to defense spillovers depend upon the consumption relationship (i.e., complementarity or substitutability) of the jointly produced defense outputs as well as the allies' income responsiveness. The stability and size of alliances are also related to the consumption relationship of the joint outputs. This article uses a generalized least-squares estimate on data for 12 NATO allies to estimate their defense expenditure functions. The statistical results conform well with our predictions.

This article investigates the relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and the provision of nonprofit services for census block groups in Dallas County, Texas. We find that the number of health, education, and social service nonprofits in a given area is positively influenced by block group income, age, percentage minority, and racial heterogeneity, and negatively influenced by income heterogeneity and age heterogeneity. On further examination, we find a complex pattern of relationships between income and age and number of providers that suggests researchers should exercise caution when using these variables. Also, in all of our results the effects of the demographic variables are by far the strongest for nonprofits within one mile of the block group centroid; they weaken as they get farther from the centroid. This shows that nonprofits are most heavily influenced by the characteristics of the neighborhoods directly around them.

A theoretical model of emission reductions is specified that accounts for voluntary and non‐voluntary behaviour regarding the adherence to the Helsinki and Sofia Protocols, which mandated emission reductions for sulphur (S) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), respectively. From this model, we derive an econometric specification for the demand for emission reductions that adjusts for the spatial dispersion of the pollutant. When tested for 25 European nations, the model performs well for sulphur cutbacks. Less satisfying results are obtained for NOx, because the model's assumption of a unitary actor at the national level is less descriptive. Collective action considerations indicate that sulphur emissions are easier to control than those of NOx.