Suchergebnisse

The present study has investigated the channels through which
the linkage between economic institutions and growth is gauged, by
addressing the main hypothesis of the study that whether quality of
governance and democratic institutions set a stage for economic
institutions to promote the long-term growth process in Pakistan. To
test the hypothesis empirically, our study models the dynamic
relationship between growth and economic institutions in a time varying
framework in order to capture institutional developments and structural
changes occurred in the economy of Pakistan over the years. Study
articulates that, along with some customary specifics, the quality of
government and democracy are the substantial factors that affect
institutional quality and ultimately cause to promote growth in
Pakistan. JEL Classification: O40; P16; C14; H10 Keywords: Economic
Institutions, Growth, Governance and Democracy, Rolling Window Two-stage
Least Squares, Pakistan

The energy services stipulation of a country discloses its
importance as a decency of course of action necessary for economic
prosperity, lessening the poverty and depolarising the social asymmetry
[Barnes, et al. (2011)]. The accomplishment of basic needs of energy
services that include excess to electricity, commercial use of energy
for production process as well as usage of electricity in the
residential areas and modern use of energy sources for cooking purposes
portraits an image of high-quality living standard of individuals and
offers a way forward to economic development.12 The notion of pro-poor
growth is well documented in the recent literature for assurance of
thinning the poverty that is congregated through translation of growth
into the lives of poor by reshaping the income distribution23 for
marginalised group of people. Ekouevi and Tuntivate (2012) and studies
of international agencies [AGECC (2010); WHO (2006); UNDP and WHO
(2009)] have preliminary acknowledged the need of improving the access
to reliable and affordable modern energy services in the developing
economies for economic prosperity and social welfare of
individuals.

The performance of an economy is generally measured by
sustained rise in GDP growth over the period of time. The economic
growth is the major goal of macroeconomics. According to neo-classical
growth theory, the core factors of growth are labour and capital. In
addition to these factors; technological progress, human capital
development etc. are the most efficient factors of production.
Development of technology and use of mechanisation in production process
require energy at massive scale. So, energy has become a crucial factor
of economic growth indirectly. Energy is widely regarded as a propelling
force behind any economic activity and indeed plays a vital role in
enhancing production. Therefore, highly important resources of energy
will enhance the technology impact manifold. Quality energy resources
can act as facilitator of technology while less worthy resources can
dampen the power of new technology. Ojinnaka (1998) argued that the
consumption of energy tracks with the national product. Hence, the scale
of energy consumption per capita is an important indicator of economic
modernisation. In general countries that have higher per capita energy
consumption are more developed than those with low level of
consumption.

In this article, bell books' ground-breaking black feminist approach is adopted to examine the lingering impact of slave trade of Afro-American women in contemporary America. Slavery in the past stigmatized the present lives of Afro-American women. Even though slavery was abolished, the terrible effects of the slave trade continue to demean, degrade, and caricature black women in the western world of today. hooks' radical black feminist ideas reveal how racial discrimination and sexual orientation towards black women rob them of their social identity and place in white supremacist society. This research critiques all the forms of dehumanization black women experience in the white world starting with historical enslavement and ending in the present dehumanization. In the white media, theatre, music, literature, and other disciplines, black women are presented as sexy, bold, aggressive, hypersexual, angry, impatient, violent, macho, insensitive, incompetent, and lazy. The contemporary lives of Afro-American women are being plagued by the effects of the slave trade in the white world.

Islam in western literary and non-literary discourse has been represented stereo typically as a static, extremist, jihadist, fundamentalist religion of terrorism, a threat to western ideology. Akbar S. Ahmed's Journey into Islam critiques the distorted images of Muslims, Islam and its practices.This article attempts to highlight the stereotypical representation of Islam and Muslims in media and academic representations. The theoretical framework for this research paper is based upon the methodological assumptions derived from Edward Said's Covering Islam (1997). It explores the true picture of Islam as a religion of peace, compassion and harmony and challenges the association of terrorism with Islam.

The research aims to pinpoint the socio-cultural suppressive crisis faced by the Pakistani women and tends to evaluate the standards through which Pakistani women are (mis)recognized through Shazaf Fatima Haider's How It Happened (2012). It focuses upon the internalized social norms regarding women's conduct to achieve perfection and a state of acceptability which have terrifyingly placed a question mark upon women's existence. Zeba, being the protagonist of How It Happened, undergoes anunnerving situation, being continuously displayed as an object for her marriage. Simone de Beauvoir's cultural feminist ideologies in her work, The Second Sex(1997), tend to deconstruct falsely existing cultural archetypes. She illustrates in her work the transformative stages of women's life beginning from the oppressive state towards the protesting state. Consequently, celebrating women's strength by acknowledging biological differences. Through the methodological application of a Textual analytical apparatus, this research tends to reverse the suppressive patriarchal patterns, bringing women from the periphery to the center, also providing a voice to silenced women entangled in the fabricated culture.

Globalization is the instrument of disintegration and weakening of nations through a vast network of transnational companies and their monopoly on global markets that destabilize a nations economy by enhancing the interdependence of the countries and weakening the nation-states grip over its geographical borders. Rahman in his novel In the Light of What We Know (2014) shows Afghanistan as a victim of tripartite – economic, cultural, political – globalization. Using Spencer & Wollmans (2002), Appadurais (2005) and Giddens (1990) critique and analyses of globalization, this study explores how Afghanistan has been gripped by the forces of globalization. Raemdoncks (2013) conceptualization of three dimensional global games of chess – great game, little game, and domestic game – being played by America, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia, ISI and NGOs in Afghanistan chalks out the American designs of getting access to the oil and gas reservoirs in Afghanistan and Central Asian states.

This study explores the shattered Pakistani nationalism in Nadeem Aslam's 'The Blind Man's Garden' (2013) in the context of the post-9/11 invading military globalism and reactionary social globalism. Focusing on Nadeem Aslam's hallmark work, 'The Blind Man's Garden' (2013), this article not only explores the current foundationless nationalism of Pakistan as the byproduct of undue chauvinism instead of being the outcome of its real ideology but also stresses the need for renewal of ideological boundaries of Pakistan in the light of current sweeping effects of thick globalism. Being a diaspora and much influenced by the secularity of the host society, Aslam seems to be desirous of featuring the nationalist inscription of home society in accordance with the global world, as is revealed from the roles played by his characters like Mikal etc. in the novel. The study motivates us to revisit the national myths with an aim to devise the marks of nationalism, provided if we are to rehabilitate our national identity.

Sara Suleri is divided between her fascination for her father's strong character and her repulsion for the consequent effect on woman's space in family life, connoting a critique of Pakistani patriarchal society in which women, irrespective of their social status, suffer from marginalization. Although Suleri's Boys Will Be Boys is an elegy for her father, as she announces in the sub-title of the work, she manages her tilt toward her father despite her advocacy of the woman's space miserably shrunk to domestic life in Pakistani society. Besides women's position, she questions the dominant version of history and the state's political manipulation of religion for ulterior motives. She is close to Boehmer's theorization of the elitist continuities and intimacies with a view that develops from geographically and historically multiple contexts and histories. Her role as a native intellectual is two-pronged: her view is colored by western discourse, but her status as a 'representative' Pakistani voice is also significant. This article analyzes how far Suleri's representation of women, religion and history of Pakistani society is colored by western context.