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This study aims at finding the links of ethnicity factors in social exclusion of nomads. The study nature was descriptive with main focus on to measure the association of ethnicity with social exclusion. The study notes the ethnic inequality within institutional rules, social attitudes and general practices and its contribution to social exclusion of nomadic communities. Social exclusion occurs because of numerous factors beyond individual or groups control, such as, religion, ethnicity, color, clan etc. It is multi-dimensional in nature, thus one factor, like ethnicity followed by unemployment, illiteracy, housing problems and lack of access to health care leads to social exclusion. This paper explores the contribution of ethnic affiliations' contribution in shaping exclusionary processes of nomads', with special focus on their relationship with the groups representing a dominant ethnic characteristics. The study was conducted during the year 2015 in Tehsil Dargai, District Malakand. A sample size of 97 respondents out of population of 130 was selected through random sampling procedure. The data was collected by using a five level Likert scale. Chi square test was used to ascertain the association between ethnicity based deprivations and social exclusion among nomads. At bi-variate level, social exclusion of nomads was found significantly associated with the stereotype perceptions of the people about nomadic way of life (P = 0.001) and the way policies are devised in our country (P = 0.004). Devising such policies that ensure special facilities to nomads and ensure their access to basic life facilities and public awareness to overcome the prejudices regarding nomadic way of life were major study recommendations

The Messenger of ALLAH Almighty, the Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (peace be upon him) has said "Ar-Rashi Wal Murtashi Kila huma Finnar" that mean "the giver and taker of bribes (corrupt) will both go to the fire of hell". This research analyzes corruption's effect on existing social values in Peshawar region of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. A total of 150 respondents were selected as sample using stratified random sampling technique for study using Likert scale as measurement tool in interview schedule. The bi-variate and uni-variate analyses were made for reaching results. The existence of the effect of "corruption perception" as independent variable's effects were assessed on the "social values in political institutions" as dependent variable by applying Chi-square test. Furthermore, Gamma (y) statistics' application was made for finding the bond and relationship's direction. It was concluded that a significant association prevails regarding corruption perception with organized corruption alliance between government servants and politicians (P=0.002), politicians who are corrupt do safeguard corrupt interests (P=0.000) and favoured political environment (P=0.000). Moreover, posting candid politicians on significant government posts (P=0.000), removing political influence form bureaucracy (P=0.000), making politicians accountable to agencies related to stopping corruption (P=0.000), recompensing politicians of honesty (P=0.033), sensitizing politicians to be aware of corruption (P=0.000) and applying court's judgements regarding reducing corruption (P=0.000) were found significantly associated with improving state of corruption.

Pakistani society depicts a vivid picture of inequality in property ownership with prenatal preference to inheritance for sons over daughters. The customary law under the clutches of patriarchy is only meant for male dominating female in all social spheres. The main purpose of this study is to explore the extents of traditional approaches to feud settlement regarding inheritance as the main reason of dysfunctional legal system in the study area. A sample size of 182 respondents was randomly selected of those respondents who had at least 10 acres of land. Frequency distribution of data was observed to have a comprehensive data layout. Moreover, Chi square (χ2) statistics was used to determine the level of association between dependant variable (Feud Settlement) with the independent variables (Customary Practices of Inheritance). Majority (78.0%) of the respondents believed that Jirga played an important role in transformation of inheritance while curtailing the chances of inheritance feuds through application of traditional practices. Most (89.6%) of the respondents disclosed that patriarchal system favors male members of the family in respect of transferring of property. At bi-variate level, Jirga played a vital role in the transformation of inheritance in case of conflict and had a significant association (p=0.039) with feud settlement. Moreover, dowry to be considered as a share in inheritance of family had a significant association (p=0.005) with feud settlement. The study depicted that strong patriarchal system was influencing the inheritance practices in favor of male gender. In addition, Pakhtoon culture, being conservative and prejudice, was found to be the core impediment in the smooth transmission of equal property rights to both the gender. Women's participation in the traditional mechanism of resolving the issue of inheritance and speedy court system could lead to the mitigation of inheritance related feuds at family level.

The objective of this paper is limited to determine the exclusionary effects of poor decisionmaking power of children and variation to their effects among children based on their gender, religion, family background and subjective poverty. A total of 500 children (12-18 years) were selected by systematic sampling technique from seven shopping streets and seven high schools of the District Peshawar, and interviewed. Likert scale was used as a measurement tool. Association of variables was ascertained by using Chi-square test and Kendall's Tau-b tests, at bivariate and multivariate level. At bivariate level relationship of social exclusion was significant and negative with feeling one's self influential in molding family level decision, having membership of any organization, liberty in choice of sport, liberty in choice of dress/shoes and people listen to child's views. At multivariate level, the exclusionary effects of poor decision making power among children varied on the basis of their gender (male and female) and religious affiliations (Muslims and non-Muslims). Contrariwise, result of groups based on sufficiency of family income indicated a nonspurious relationship between power of making decision in children and their social exclusion. Likewise, result of groups based on joint and nuclear family affiliation indicated a non-spurious relationship between power of making decision in children and their social exclusion; conversely, single parent family group had a spurious relationship with above two groups. Ensuring child's constructive social participation at family and community level activities, reintegration of family role in child's physical, social and psychological care and socialization, and overcoming gender and religion based disparities in the society were some of the policy recommendations in light of the study.

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to explore the association between the role of parliament and perception of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) paradigm for curbing corruption in Peshawar. Methodology: A stratified random sampling technique was used to gather information from 320 sample respondents through an interview schedule. The gamma and chi-square test was applied to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Main Findings: Parliament's role was termed as of paramount importance in curbing corruption. There was a significant association between the vital function of parliament in curbing corruption (P=0.000), introduce new anti-corruption laws (P=0.016), parliament assure the accountability of executives (P=0.003), parliament should work with other institution (P=0.034), Public Account Committee's role is admirable in parliament (P=0.815), non-accountability of powerful (P=0.022), parliament should introduce a strict law (P=0.017) and perception of the NAB paradigm for reducing corruption. Applications of this study: The results of this research work can be applied to all watchdogs' institutions for its policymaking. The originality of this study: The study is unique because the information was aggregated directly from the people in the research area.

The Messenger of ALLAH Almighty, the Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (peace be upon him) has said "Ar-Rashi Wal Murtashi Kila huma Finnar" that mean "the giver and taker of bribes (corrupt) will both go to the fire of hell". This research analyzes corruption's effect on existing social values in Peshawar region of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. A total of 150 respondents were selected as sample using stratified random sampling technique for study using Likert scale as measurement tool in interview schedule. The bi-variate and uni-variate analyses were made for reaching results. The existence of the effect of "corruption perception" as independent variable's effects were assessed on the "social values in political institutions" as dependent variable by applying Chi-square test. Furthermore, Gamma (y) statistics' application was made for finding the bond and relationship's direction. It was concluded that a significant association prevails regarding corruption perception with organized corruption alliance between government servants and politicians (P=0.002), politicians who are corrupt do safeguard corrupt interests (P=0.000) and favoured political environment (P=0.000). Moreover, posting candid politicians on significant government posts (P=0.000), removing political influence form bureaucracy (P=0.000), making politicians accountable to agencies related to stopping corruption (P=0.000), recompensing politicians of honesty (P=0.033), sensitizing politicians to be aware of corruption (P=0.000) and applying court's judgements regarding reducing corruption (P=0.000) were found significantly associated with improving state of corruption.

AbstractThe present study entitled an analysis of government interventions and community satisfaction in WASH Program in district Peshawar. A total of 359 respondents' were proportionally allocated to each village and then, selected through simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected on a three-level Likert scale interview schedule encompassing all study variables. Chi-square test was used to test the association amount of study variable. Finding regarding the government intervention, volunteer community practices and community satisfaction showed significant association with message delivered to respondents families regarding health hygiene (p = 0.000), remembrance of message related to hygiene which they participated (p = 0.000), selection for assistance (p < 0.008), reason of selection for the support (p = 0.000), respectively, the study found that people had high degree of satisfaction with regards to the initiation, execution and deliverance of the project. As a strong follow-up mechanism, maximum participation of community and intervention of public sector were recommended.

Purpose of the study: The present study highlights the administrative causing institutional intra-faith disintegration and its revival to social reintegration in district Hangu-Pakistan. Methodology: The study proceeded with a sound conceptual framework comprised of the independent variable, i.e., administrative failure to curb sectarianism, and dependent variable, i.e., "social reintegration," bypassing these through a sound statistical operationalization, i.e., chi-square and factor analysis, respectively. A sample size of 306 representing all leading categories of the study was chosen by stratified random sampling procedure to ensure the true representation of the masses living in the study area. Main Findings: The study disclosed that administrative failure had a strong and significant relationship with disintegration as causative factors and had been identified as a catalyst towards the social reintegration provided. Both literate and illiterate are taken into consideration for their involvement in the reintegration process while restructuring the administrative state of the area, as pointed out by the literate respondents. Applications of this study: The study recommended that the government should take initiatives by indulging all the stakeholders for greater social inclusion in the study arena, allowing both sects to participate in the common values under the ambit of Islam. A policy of non-interference by the state of Pakistan needs to be designed and communicated accordingly to all forces involving particular reference to the neighboring states. Novelty/Originality of this study: To the best of my knowledge, little empirical work in this area has been conducted in the Pakistani context. Thus, this study will be helpful in policy planning on both local and international levels.

Purpose of the study: Voting Behavior is the combination of social, psychological, and attitudinal factors leading to a vote in an election. Thus, the central aim of the current research study was to analyze the influence of party leadership on voting behavior. Methodology: Due to the diverse picture of the study area, a multistage stratified sampling technique was used to get more reliable information from 317 sample respondents including (212 males and 105 females). Data was collected through a pre-tested interview schedule; to determine the association between the dependent variable (voting behavior) and independent variable (party leadership) chi-square test was applied. Main findings: The association of voting behavior was significant between voting behavior and preference of local leaders in the election (P=0.024), leader's inspiration in voters' constituency is counted in the electoral process (P=0.011), those leaders who work for public welfare (P=0.000), past performance of the leaders is your major concern (P=0.001), to influence voters by all means (P=0.048), commitment and devotion of the leaders (P=0.040) and dynamic leaders are symbols of development for society (P=0.554). Applications of this study: Results as a whole indicate a significant role of party leadership in influencing voters. People generally cast vote to candidates who are local, have influence in the constituencies and did public welfare schemes in past and shows commitment and devotion. The findings of the study will be helpful in policymaking. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study attempts to explore new factors that contributed to individual voting behavior. Further, the present paper is unique in the sense that it is based on opinions and responses collected directly from the voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

This study was accompanied with objectives to analyze the usefulness of, Water Distribution Practices prevailed in targeted union counsel of rural district Peshawar, and Behavior change in WASH. A sample size 359 respondents were randomly selected in rural district of Peshawar. The data was analyzed through SPSS (20) by the application of Chi-Square test statistics and simple univariate analysis. The study concluded that improved Water Distribution Practice had highly significant association with enhancement in behavior change in WASH, adoption of positive Health behaviors, health advocacy and awareness help healthy physique and behavior change in WASH as a way towards healthy life as well as sound human resource, and this human resource can play role in boosting Country's GDP. This study concentrated on aspect of current water distribution practice and behavior change in WASH, in the study area where this study affirmed that sound body has a sound brain. Use of healthy and fresh water from secure water storage and source directly related to healthy physique. Safe drinking water is the only source of avoidance from all types of water born disease i.e. diarrhea, dysentery, cholera etc. And ill health especially for those who have no or less access to health services in rurality. This study also indicated the importance of mass awareness campaign, general perceptions of common men in terms of better and healthy life.