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The death of Sudanese Islamist ideologue Hassan Al-Turabi (1932–2016) warrants an examination of Al-Turabi's and Islamism's legacy in Sudan and in the broader Middle East and Africa regions. This article outlines the reasons for the rise of Islamism and extremism in these regions, and argues that this rise is rooted, among other factors, in local and global processes that exacerbated inequalities within and between countries in the two regions; and between these regions and other parts of the world. The article further examines the gendered politics of the National Islamic Front (nif)/National Congress Party (ncp) within a wider discussion of the rise of politicised Islam in the Middle East and North Africa. I highlight Islamist discourses and practices and the impact on women in Sudan.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to see whether gender plays a role in the apology strategies employed by native speakers of Arabic, i.e., how Arab males and females express apologies in different situations. Data necessary for this study were collected via a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) questionnaire, incorporating 10 real-life scenarios in the form of short descriptive statements. In accordance with the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realisation Patterns, participants' responses(n = 20) were analysed and further classified into five distinct apology strategies: (Illocutionary Force Indicating Device (IFID), Responsibility (RESP), Explanation (EXPL), Repair (REPR), and Forbearance (FORB)). The researcher initially hypothesised that apology strategies employed by participants would exhibit more differences than similarities among native speakers of Arabic. Contrary to previously conducted research on this subject (i.e., attesting more differences), the data analysed (n = 350 apology exchanges) revealed more similarities than differences regardless of gender. In fact, no statistically significant differences were found. In addition to contributing to the current theoretical debate on gender and gender-related topics, the results of this study may entail pedagogical implications for those in direct contact with Arab learners of English as a Second Language or with speakers of Arabic in general terms.

In order not to lose their customers and to gain new customers under the pressure of the competitive environment, firms strive to gain an advantage over their competitors by innovating. Innovation efforts of firms are affected by the information resources they hold. In this direction, firms traditionally use the knowledge bases they have created through Research and Development (R&D) activities. However, firms also need information located outside their borders. Firms serach for the information they need outside their borders, find the appropriate one, transfer it into thier inside of the firm and apply it to their products or services, providing economic benefits. The ability of firms to transfer external information to their products constitutes their absorptive capacity. On the other hand, the social capital of a firm provides access to some resources. In this study, the effect of the social capital of the firms, in particular the external social capital outside the boundaries of the firm, on the firms' absorptive capacity. In this context, as a result of the analysis conducted by using the structural questionnaire and the data obtained from 112 enterprises registered to Kocaeli and the Chamber of Industry, it has been determined that the social capital, in particular external social capital developed by firms' relations with other actors has a positive effect on the information absorptive capacity. Keywords: Social Capital, External Social Capital, Absorptive Capacity

The Tigris River in Iraq is of highly meandering in several of its parts. So, the largest meandering inside Baghdad City, is in Al-Jadriyah. During its course, the Tigris Riverbanks are facing erosion frequently due to alteration in the geomorphological and hydrological characteristics affecting the river channel. The entire length of Tigris River from the northern entrance of Baghdad to the convergence with Diyala River at southern of Baghdad is about 49 km length. The Tigris River is suffering from the erosion, deposition, and migration conditions. The river migration was found as maximum in the left bank at the side of the University, and lesser in the right bank in the opposite side, Dora. The aim of this study is to measure the magnitude of changes happened to the Tigris Riverbanks adjacent to the Baghdad University Camp in Al-Jadriyah for a period of last fifty years extended between 1962 and 2013, using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Symmetrical Difference Analytical method was used to obtain changes for Tigris Riverbanks in the study area. The obtained results in this study demonstrate that Remote Sensing and Aerial Photography are important sources of data in monitoring and detecting the movement of Tigris riverbanks. Accordingly, the measured areas of deposition and erosion are (657 073 m2) and (173 087 m2) respectively, and the ratio between them was 3.83 to 1.

Gender, Race, and Sudan's Exile Politics examines the gendered and racialized discourses and practices of the Sudanese opposition in exile through the opposition movements of the 1990s and early 2000s, and discusses the history through which these discourses evolved. This book interrogates the relationship between women's organizations and activisms in exile on one hand, and nationalist, transformative, and other political movements and processes on the other. It further discuses transnational coalition building across difference, including racial difference, between women's organization seeking to transform gender relations in Sudan and South Sudan

This paper aims to explore opportunities and challenges of women becoming legislative members in the 2014-2019 election in the Gayo highlands covering Central Aceh, Bener Meriah, and Gayo Lues. Our research find is the political dynasty became main factor cause opportunities of women's election as members of the legislature in the three regions. Even political figures, party cadres and NGO activists who are generally another major factor supporting women's electoral opportunities in electoral politics are not a factor supporting women's election to legislative members in the Gayo highlands. This phenomenon indicates that the quality and quantity of women representation in DPRK Aceh Tengah, Bener Meriah, and Gayo Lues were decreased, besides the strengthening of the paradigm of a society that still highly uphold the culture of patriarchy within the Islamic Shari'ah region of Aceh. Qualitative research methods are used in assessing the opportunities and challenges of women's political election to obtain in-depth data through in-depth observation and interviews as well as library studies in support of the general picture through related references. The phenomenon of women's election in the legislature concludes that the strengthening of patriarchal culture through the edict law that regulates the taboo (sumang) merges with the understanding of women and Islamic sharia which is the main challenge that causes women's election to become legislative members.

Background: During the last decade, the events of violence against healthcare providers have been escalated, especially in the areas of conflicts. This study aimed to test the impact of conflict-related and workplace-related violence on job satisfaction among Iraqi physicians. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a self-administered survey was conducted among medical doctors in Iraq from January to June 2014. Participants (n=535, 81.1% response rate) were selected at random from 20 large general and district hospitals using a multistage sampling technique. Results: The mean (+SD) value on the total job satisfaction score was 42.26 (+14.63). The majority of respondents (67.3%) experienced unsafe medical practice; however, the conflict- related violence showed no significant difference in job satisfaction scores. In backward regression analysis, two socio-demographic variables (age, gender), and three work-related variables (being a specialist, working less than 40 hours per week, working in both government and private sector) were positively related to job satisfaction, while the workplace violence variables were negatively related. It was found that increases in physical attack, verbal abuse, bullying, and racial harassment brought about decreases in job satisfaction scores of 6,087, 3.014, 9,107, and 4,242, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that work-related variables and workplace violence do affect job satisfaction. Specifically, when physicians have been physically attacked, verbally abused, bullied, and racially harassed, their job satisfaction decreases significantly.

The purpose of this study was to determine the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street Children in Makassar City. The number of informants in this study was 9 people. This study used qualitative with a type of phenomenological research that emphasized the subjectivity of human life experiences. Data collection techniques used the method of observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis used interactive analysis models. The results showed that the Social Service Strategy in the Control of Street Children in Makassar City had not been fully implemented optimally. This was seen from the aspect of the organizational structure, especially the social service, it has worked well to always pay special attention to Street Children, the program strategy also provided guidance in stages to Street children who had been raided, the strategy of supporting resources that control Makassar Street Children was supported not only from social services but the involvement of local communities, and institutional strategies that the government's strategy in dealing with Makassar City Street Children collaborated with the police in dealing with street children which could be unsettling for road users. Keywords: Strategy, Ordering Street Children