Suchergebnisse

This report presents analysis of a baseline household survey for the Rwanda Climate Services for Agriculture project – a four-year, USAID-funded initiative that seeks to benefit Rwanda's farming communities and national economy through climate services and improved climate risk management. The survey intends to provide a baseline assessment of the state of climate services among agricultural households in Rwanda. A random sample of 3,046 respondents was nationally surveyed in the all four provinces of the country and in the city of Kigali. A total of 52% of the sample were female respondents, while two-thirds of the households interviewed were male-headed households. The baseline includes outcome indicators related to access, use of climate information, channels of communication, behavioral change and perceived livelihood benefit/impact. The project evaluation will involve assessing changes over time in these benchmark indicators and eventually comparing the changes across beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. A qualitative component of the evaluation will provide deeper insights into users' decision making, behavioral change and any socially differentiated effect. ; Future Earth ; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ; Irish Aid ; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands ; Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation ; Department for International Development, United Kingdom ; United States Agency for International Development ; European Union ; International Fund for Agricultural Development

Feminist scholars and activists have drawn attention to the importance of women's land rights, and studies focused on irrigation have explored the gendered relationships between land and water rights. Yet little of this work has focused on the relationship between land and water rights for domestic and productive purposes more broadly. Within rural communities, women and men have different rights to both land and water. We explore these interconnected relationships using community profiles, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews from two communities as well as survey data collected from multiple adult members of rural households in Kilifi County, Kenya. Using a bundle of rights framework, we find that few individuals hold the complete bundle of rights over water, and the extent to which the rights are acknowledged by others and enforceable varies by the land-water tenure system. The full bundle of rights to water is most likely to be complete and most robust for men who have private water points on household land they hold. Even then, other people may assert claims to water at the water point, although these claims may involve negotiation or payment. Many water rights across the land-tenure systems are shared with others rather than being held by one individual. As such, the ability to negotiate water access is particularly important. The duration of the rights, or the length of time for which the rights are held, is embedded in social relations and exchange, particularly on others' household land. Women more than men seem to maintain a complicated set of social networks that allow them to negotiate for water from other women who manage the water transactions. The process of negotiation needs to be re-articulated each time. Thus, the duration of these rights to water depends on the ongoing relationships.